{"id":1440,"date":"2025-03-04T03:59:36","date_gmt":"2025-03-04T00:59:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nbilgi.net\/?p=1440"},"modified":"2025-03-04T03:59:36","modified_gmt":"2025-03-04T00:59:36","slug":"fosil-yakitlar-nelerdir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/buradasin.com.tr\/kutuphane\/fosil-yakitlar-nelerdir\/","title":{"rendered":"Fosil Yak\u0131tlar Nelerdir?"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/span>FOS\u0130L YAKITLAR<\/span><\/h2>\n

Fosil yak\u0131tlar, canl\u0131 kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n (hayvan ve bitki kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n) milyonlarca y\u0131ld\u0131r toprak alt\u0131nda ayr\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 sonucunda meydana gelen enerji kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Yerkabu\u011funun katmanlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde havas\u0131z ortamlarda kalarak y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7larda fosille\u015fmesiyle olu\u015fan yak\u0131tlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde en yo\u011fun olarak kullan\u0131lan enerjidir. Fosil yak\u0131tlar fabrikalar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, elektrik \u00fcretilmesi, ara\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, \u0131s\u0131nma, mutfak ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli alanlarda kullan\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

Yeralt\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lan petrol, k\u00f6m\u00fcr ve do\u011fal gaz fosil yak\u0131tlara \u00f6rnek verilir. Fosil yak\u0131tlar\u0131n kat\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hali k\u00f6m\u00fcrd\u00fcr. Toprak alt\u0131ndan k\u0131r\u0131larak par\u00e7alar \u015feklinde \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Fosil yak\u0131tlar\u0131n s\u0131v\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f hali petrold\u00fcr. Petrol, yap\u0131lan \u00f6zel sondajlar sonucunda \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131l\u0131r ve i\u015flenecekleri rafinerilere boru hatlar\u0131 yard\u0131m\u0131yla iletilir.<\/p>\n

Petrol\u00fcn i\u015flenmesi sonucunda benzin, LPG, dizel, naftalin, boya, teflon, asfalt, plastik gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fcr\u00fcnler elde edilebilir. Fosil yak\u0131tlar\u0131n gaz \u015feklindeki \u00e7e\u015fiti de do\u011fal gazd\u0131r. Do\u011fal gaz yer alt\u0131nda birikmi\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck yataklar \u015feklinde bulunur.<\/p>\n

<\/span>K\u00d6M\u00dcR<\/span><\/h3>\n

Yeralt\u0131 madencili\u011fi veya a\u00e7\u0131k i\u015fletme metodlar\u0131 kullan\u0131larak \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan fosil kaynakl\u0131 yak\u0131tt\u0131r. Bitki ve hayvan fosillerinden olu\u015fur. Bitki, havas\u0131z ortamda bakteriler taraf\u0131ndan par\u00e7alan\u0131rsa \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcr; oksijen (O) ve hidrojen (H) atomlar\u0131 uzakla\u015f\u0131r.
\nB\u00f6ylece maddenin karbon (C) i\u00e7eri\u011fi zamanla artar. Bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ne kadar uzun zaman s\u00fcrerse kalan kal\u0131nt\u0131n\u0131n bile\u015fimi de o oranda saf karbona yak\u0131n olur. Y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 ve s\u0131cakl\u0131kta oksijensiz ortamda k\u00f6m\u00fcrle\u015fme ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda karbon y\u00fczdesi de artmaya ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

Jeolojik olarak k\u00f6m\u00fcrlerin ya\u015flar\u0131 15 milyon y\u0131l ile 450 milyon y\u0131l aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fir. Genel olarakta ya\u015fl\u0131 k\u00f6m\u00fcrler daha kalitelidir.<\/p>\n

Kolayca yanabilme \u00f6zelli\u011fi olan k\u00f6m\u00fcr, d\u00fcnyada en \u00e7ok elektrik \u00fcretiminde kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bir \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fidi vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Turba<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bitkilerin k\u00f6klerinden, ayr\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f yaprak ve saplar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan bir k\u00f6m\u00fcr t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr, antrasit ya da grafit olu\u015fumuyla biter. Yani hen\u00fcz karbonla\u015fma s\u00fcrecini tamamlamam\u0131\u015f en gen\u00e7 k\u00f6m\u00fcr t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu k\u00f6m\u00fcre daha \u00e7ok batakl\u0131k b\u00f6lgelerde rastlan\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7indeki su ve yabanc\u0131 madde miktar\u0131 olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksektir. \u0130\u00e7erdi\u011fi karbonunsa k\u00fctlece y\u00fczdesi % 60’\u0131 ge\u00e7mez.<\/p>\n

Antrasit<\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u00fctlece % 95’i karbondan olu\u015fan y\u00fcksek kalorili k\u00f6m\u00fcr t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Olu\u015fumu ya\u015f\u00e7a en eski oland\u0131r. Do\u011fada bulunma y\u00fczdesinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131 da antrasite ekonomik olmama dezavantaj\u0131 getirir.<\/p>\n

Antrasitin baz\u0131 spesifik \u00f6zellikleri:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Koku ve duman \u00e7\u0131karmadan yanmas\u0131
\nTutu\u015fma s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131; g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckle tutu\u015fmas\u0131
\nDi\u011fer k\u00f6m\u00fcr t\u00fcrlerine g\u00f6re sert ve yo\u011fun olmas\u0131
\nParmakta leke b\u0131rakmamas\u0131
\nK\u0131sa ve mavi renkli bir alevle yanmas\u0131 olarak s\u0131ralanabilir.
\nAntrasit, kimyasal reaksiyonlarda indirgeyici ve lokomotiflerde yak\u0131t olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Elektrik enerjisi \u00fcretimi ve end\u00fcstriyel alanda da kullan\u0131m\u0131 yayg\u0131nd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Linyit<\/strong><\/p>\n

Daha olu\u015fumu tamamlanmam\u0131\u015f k\u00f6m\u00fcr t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 60 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce olu\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Linyitin i\u00e7inde su ile birlikte bir \u00e7ok yabanc\u0131 madde bulunur. K\u00fctlece yakla\u015f\u0131k % (65\u201370) kadar karbon i\u00e7erir. CO2 ve CH4 gazlar\u0131n\u0131n sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131yla ta\u015f k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilir. Kahverengi k\u00f6m\u00fcrde denilen linyitin tamam\u0131na yak\u0131n\u0131 termik santrallerde yak\u0131t olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Linyitin \u0131s\u0131l de\u011feri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 nem ve k\u00fcl miktar\u0131 olduk\u00e7a fazlad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye’de en \u00e7ok bulunan k\u00f6m\u00fcrd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Ta\u015f K\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u00fctlece % (80-90) civar\u0131nda karbon i\u00e7erir. Y\u00fcksek kalorili bir k\u00f6m\u00fcr t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Ta\u015f k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc k\u00f6m\u00fcrle\u015fme derecesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan antrasit ile linyit aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131r. Maden k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc olarakta bilinen ta\u015f k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc karbon ve u\u00e7ucu maddeler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a zengindir. Is\u0131, \u0131\u015f\u0131k ve g\u00fc\u00e7 kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lan ta\u015f k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ayr\u0131ca sanayide de bir \u00e7ok kullan\u0131m alan\u0131 vard\u0131r. Kau\u00e7uk, madeni ya\u011f, akaryak\u0131t ya\u011f\u0131, yapay re\u00e7ine, naylon gibi maddelerin \u00fcretilmesinde hammadde olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Ta\u015f k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc, \u00fclkemizde \u00f6zellikle Zonguldak y\u00f6resinde \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kok, ger\u00e7ek anlamda k\u00f6m\u00fcr de\u011fildir. Do\u011fada serbest halde bulunmaz. Fabrikalarda ta\u015f k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucu i\u00e7indeki gazlar\u0131n ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla elde edilir. Evlerde ve y\u00fcksek f\u0131r\u0131nlarda ba\u015fta demirin eldesinde \u0131s\u0131tma amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Mangal k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc, odunun yak\u0131lmas\u0131yla elde edilir. Ana kayna\u011f\u0131 me\u015fe odunudur. Kokusuz ve alevsiz yanan mangal k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc bir\u00e7ok yerde yak\u0131t olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Mangal k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc son derece g\u00f6zenekli ve geni\u015f y\u00fczeylidir.<\/p>\n

<\/span>PETROL<\/span><\/h3>\n

Petrol s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Latince petra (ta\u015f) ve oleum (ya\u011f) s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerinden t\u00fcretilmi\u015ftir. \u00c7ok koyu ye\u015fil (siyaha yak\u0131n ye\u015fil) renginde bir s\u0131v\u0131d\u0131r. Petrol\u00fcn yo\u011funlu\u011fu 0,8\u20130,95 g\/cm3 aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fir. Petrol\u00fc do\u011fal mineral ya\u011f olarakta kabul edebiliriz.<\/p>\n

Kraking, y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve bas\u0131n\u00e7ta b\u00fcy\u00fck molek\u00fcll\u00fc (y\u00fcksek karbon say\u0131l\u0131) hidrokarbonlar\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck molek\u00fcll\u00fc hidrokarbonlara par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 i\u015flemidir.<\/p>\n

Petrol Olu\u015fumu<\/strong><\/p>\n

Petrol, y\u00fcz milyonlarca y\u0131l \u00f6nce denizde ya\u015fayan ya da sular\u0131n denizlere s\u00fcr\u00fckledi\u011fi bitki kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yer alt\u0131nda ve oksijensiz ortamda, uygun s\u0131cakl\u0131k, bas\u0131n\u00e7 ve mikroorganizmalar\u0131n etkisiyle ba\u015fkala\u015fmas\u0131yla olu\u015fur. Yani bakterilerce bozunur, \u00fczerleri \u00e7amur ve kumla kaplan\u0131r. Kum ve \u00e7amur zamanla kum ta\u015f\u0131na (tortul katmanlar\u0131na) d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. S\u0131cakl\u0131k ve kumta\u015f\u0131 kayalar\u0131n\u0131n uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bas\u0131n\u00e7, organik maddeleri petrol ve do\u011fal gaza \u00e7evirir. Bu birikimin olu\u015fmas\u0131 250-500 milyon y\u0131l s\u00fcrer.<\/p>\n

Tarihte petrol\u00fc ilk kullananlar\u0131n S\u00fcmerler, Asurlular ve Babilliler oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir.<\/p>\n

Petrolde hidrokarbon bile\u015fiklerinin sonsuz say\u0131da kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00e7ok daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oranlarda ancak petrol\u00fcn kimyasal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 etkileyecek d\u00fczeylerde azot, k\u00fck\u00fcrt ve oksijen elementleride bulunur. Ham petrol \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 co\u011frafyaya g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fen bile\u015fimlere sahiptir.<\/p>\n

Petrol\u00fcn Rafinasyonu<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tipik bir petrol bir karbonlu C1 molek\u00fcllerden (CH4), k\u0131rk karbonlu C40 molek\u00fcllere (C40H82) kadar de\u011fi\u015fen y\u00fczlerce farkl\u0131 hidrokarbondan olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n

Petrol\u00fc ayr\u0131msal dam\u0131tma ile ayr\u0131ma i\u015fleminde dam\u0131tma birimlerinde (rafinerilerde) \u00e7o\u011funlukla g\u00fcnde 100 bin-200 bin varil petrol i\u015flenebilir.<\/p>\n

Petrol\u00fcn rafinasyonu i\u015fleminde petrole ayr\u0131msal dam\u0131tma y\u00f6ntemi uygulanarak \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fcr\u00fcnler elde edilir. Ayr\u0131msal dam\u0131tma i\u015fleminde ilk \u00f6nce kaynama s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olan petrol gazlar\u0131 (C1 \u2013 C4 aral\u0131\u011f\u0131; metan, etan, propan ve b\u00fctan) al\u0131n\u0131r. Bu gazlardan propan ve b\u00fctan bas\u0131n\u00e7 alt\u0131nda ayr\u0131larak \u00e7elik t\u00fcplere doldurulur ve piyasada \u00e7e\u015fitli adlar alt\u0131nda mutfak gaz\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Petrol\u00fcn dam\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131nda geriye kalan art\u0131k b\u00f6l\u00fcm vakumda (d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bas\u0131n\u00e7) dam\u0131t\u0131larak s\u0131v\u0131 parafin, makine ya\u011flar\u0131 ve kat\u0131 parafinlere ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Dam\u0131tma sonunda kalan art\u0131k bit\u00fcml\u00fc (yumu\u015fak) madde asfalt, zift, katran ve koktur. Petrol \u00fcr\u00fcnleri, deterjanlar, lastik, plastikler, sentetik iplik vb. bir\u00e7ok end\u00fcstriyel maddelerin \u00fcretiminde hammadde olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Petrol\u00fcn Bile\u015fenleri<\/strong><\/p>\n

Petrol, fiziksel ve kimyasal \u00f6zellikleri \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fik olmakla birlikte hemen hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn s\u0131v\u0131 petrollerin k\u00fctlece % 82-87 aras\u0131nda karbon, y\u00fczde 12-15 aras\u0131nda hidrojen ve %5’i ge\u00e7meyecek bir oranda di\u011fer bile\u015fenlerden i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n

Ham petrol\u00fc olu\u015fturan bile\u015fikler ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u00fc\u00e7 ana grupta toplanabilir.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Alkanlar (Parafinler)
\nNaftenler
\nAromatik Bile\u015fikler<\/p>\n

Petrol<\/strong>, hidrojen ve karbondan olu\u015fan bir do\u011fal bile\u015fim olup yerkabu\u011funda veya y\u00fczeyde bulunabilir. Genellikle s\u0131v\u0131 olup, peltemsi ve kat\u0131 halde olanlar\u0131 da mevcuttur. Ana bile\u015feni karbon ve hidrojen de olsa yap\u0131s\u0131nda az miktarda k\u00fck\u00fcrt, azot, oksijen elementleri de i\u00e7erir. A\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k\u00e7a % bolluk olarak, karbon ve hidrojenden sonra k\u00fck\u00fcrt (S) % 0,05-5 oran\u0131nda bulunur. Hemen hemen her petrol\u00fcn yap\u0131s\u0131nda sodyum klor\u00fcr (NaCl) de bulunur.<\/p>\n

Petrol, deniz suyunda bulunan bir\u00e7ok metal elementini de bulundurmaktad\u0131r. Bunun nedeni b\u00fcy\u00fck bir olas\u0131l\u0131kla petrol\u00fc olu\u015fturan organik kaynaklar\u0131n (hayvanlar ve bitkiler) deniz suyu ile ili\u015fkisidir. Petrolde en bol bulunan metal elementler vanadyum ve nikel olup, eser miktarda anorganik tuzlar, H2S ve su bulunur.<\/p>\n

De\u011fi\u015fik oranlarda bile\u015fenlerden elde edilen petrol\u00fcn kimyasal bile\u015fimlerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra bir\u00e7ok fiziksel \u00f6zellikleri de fark\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterir. Bu fiziksel farkl\u0131l\u0131klar renk, yo\u011funluk, viskozite ve kaynama noktas\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi kendini g\u00f6sterir. Ham petrol bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m oldu\u011fundan belirli bir erime ve kaynama noktas\u0131 yoktur.<\/p>\n

Nafta, tarihsel olarak Bak\u00fc ve \u0130ran’da yery\u00fcz\u00fcne kadar ula\u015fan bir t\u00fcr hafif petrol s\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 adland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Nafta, ham petrol\u00fcn atmosferik ko\u015fullarda dam\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda elde edilen, kaynama noktas\u0131 (30\u2013170\u00b0C) aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen, renksiz, u\u00e7ucu ve yan\u0131c\u0131 s\u0131v\u0131 hidrokarbon kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131na verilen genel bir isimdir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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\r\n \r\n \r\n Fosil Yak\u0131tlar Nelerdir? <\/a>\r\n\r\n <\/div>\r\n \r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n