T\u00fcrk tarihinin ilk olarak metne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131, ilk T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kaynakl\u0131 yaz\u0131 olarak kabul edilen bu orhun abideleri, T\u00fcrklerin ilk yaz\u0131l\u0131 belge \u00f6rne\u011fidir.\u00a0T\u00fcrk ad\u0131n\u0131n, T\u00fcrk milletinin isminin ge\u00e7ti\u011fi ilk T\u00fcrk\u00e7e metin. \u0130lk T\u00fcrk tarihi. Ta\u015flar \u00fczerine yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f tarih. T\u00fcrk devlet adamlar\u0131n\u0131n millete hesap vermesi, milletle hesapla\u015fmas\u0131. Devlet ve milletin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 vazifeleri. T\u00fcrk nizam\u0131n\u0131n, T\u00fcrk t\u00f6resinin, T\u00fcrk medeniyetinin, y\u00fcksek T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fck vesikas\u0131. T\u00fcrk askeri dehas\u0131n\u0131n, T\u00fcrk askerlik san\u2019a-t\u0131n\u0131n esaslar\u0131. T\u00fcrk gururun il\u00e2hi y\u00fcksekli\u011fi. T\u00fcrk feragat ve faziletinin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6rne\u011fi. T\u00fcrk i\u00e7timai hayat\u0131n\u0131n ulvi tablosu. T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n ilk \u015faheseri. T\u00fcrk hitabet sanat\u0131n\u0131n eri\u015filmez \u015faheseri. H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u00e2ne eda ve ihti\u015faml\u0131 hitap tarz\u0131. Yal\u0131n ve keskin \u00fcsl\u00fbbun \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 numunesi. T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ili\u011finin temel kitab\u0131. Bir kavmi bir millet yapabilecek eser. As\u0131rlar i\u00e7inden mill\u00ee istikameti ayd\u0131nlatan \u0131\u015f\u0131k. T\u00fcrk dilinin m\u00fcbarek kayna\u011f\u0131. T\u00fcrk yaz\u0131 dilinin ilk, fakat harikulade i\u015flek \u00f6rne\u011fi. T\u00fcrk yaz\u0131 dilinin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n\u0131 mil\u00e2d\u0131n ilk as\u0131rlar\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kartan delil. T\u00fcrk ordusunun kurulu\u015funu en az 1250 sene \u00f6teye g\u00f6t\u00fcren vesika. T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn en b\u00fcy\u00fck iftihar vesilesi olan eser. \u0130nsanl\u0131k \u00e2leminin sosyal muhteva bak\u0131m\u0131ndan en manal\u0131 mezar ta\u015flar\u0131. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n bug\u00fcn belki de en b\u00fcy\u00fck meselesi olan \u00c7in hakk\u0131nda 1250 sene evvelki T\u00fcrk ikaz\u0131. vs. vs.<\/p>\n
Orhun \u00e2bidelerini vas\u0131fland\u0131rmak isteyince, insan\u0131n zihninde i\u015fte bu gibi ifadeler s\u0131ralanmaktad\u0131r. Orhun \u00e2bideleri G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk devrinden kalma kitabelerdir. G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler, mil\u00e2ttan \u00f6nceki as\u0131rlarda Hunlar taraf\u0131ndan kurulup, de\u011fi\u015fen s\u00fcl\u00e2leler ve boylar idaresinde devam edegelen Asya\u2019daki b\u00fcy\u00fck T\u00fcrk imparatorlu\u011funun 6. as\u0131rla 8. as\u0131r aras\u0131ndaki devresinde h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir. 6. asr\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda T\u00fcrk devletinin ba\u015f\u0131nda Avarlar bulunuyordu. 552 tarihinde Bum\u0131n Ka\u011fan Avar idaresine son vererek T\u00fcrk devletinin G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk hanedan\u0131 devrini a\u00e7t\u0131. O devirde b\u00fcy\u00fck ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n merkezi devletin do\u011fu k\u0131sm\u0131nda idi ve bat\u0131 k\u0131sm\u0131 da do\u011fuya ba\u011fl\u0131 t\u00e2bi bir ka\u011fanl\u0131kla idare ediliyordu. Bum\u0131n Ka\u011fan\u0131n karde\u015fi \u0130stemi Ka\u011fan da 576\u2032ya kadar bu bat\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ka\u011fan\u0131 idi.<\/p>\n
Bum\u0131n Ka\u011fan, G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk h\u00e2kimiyetini kurdu\u011fu sene i\u00e7inde \u00d6ld\u00fc ve s\u0131ras\u0131yla \u00fc\u00e7 o\u011flu, b\u00fcy\u00fck ka\u011fanl\u0131k yapt\u0131lar. Birincisi 553\u2032te, ikincisi 553-572\u2032de, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc de 572-581 tarihlerinde h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fcler. Bunlardan ikincisi olan Mukan zaman\u0131nda devlet Man\u00e7urya\u2019dan \u0130ran\u2019a kadar uzanan kuvvetli bir imparatorluk h\u00e2line geldi. Daha sonra devlet, bir yandan kuvvetli hakanlar\u0131n yoklu\u011fu ve devleti te\u015fkil eden kavimlerin \u00e7eki\u015fmeleri, \u00f6te yandan bilhassa \u00c7in entrikas\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden bir s\u00fcr\u00fc kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar ge\u00e7irdi ve nihayet 630\u2032da devletin as\u0131l do\u011fu k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00c7in h\u00e2kimiyetine ge\u00e7ti. Zamanla \u00c7in h\u00e2kimiyeti bat\u0131 k\u0131sm\u0131na da sira> ~; etme\u011fe ba\u015flad\u0131. Fakat bu \u00c7in esareti daha fazla devam etmedi ve Kutlu\u011f Ka\u011fan veya ikinci ad\u0131yla \u00eeltiri\u015f Ka\u011fan, \u00c7in h\u00e2kimiyetine son vererek 680-682 senesinde devleti yeniden toparlad\u0131. \u0130ltiri\u015f Ka\u011fan ve 691\u2032de \u00f6l\u00fcnce yerine ge\u00e7en karde\u015fi Kapgan Ka\u011fan idaresinde devlet yeniden eski ha\u015fmetini buldu.<\/p>\n
\u0130ltiri\u015f Ka\u011fan\u2019\u0131n Bilge ve K\u00fcl Tigin adl\u0131 iki o\u011flu vard\u0131. \u00d6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde bunlar 8 ve 7 ya\u015flar\u0131nda idiler. Kapgan Ka\u011fan 716\u2032da \u00f6l\u00fcnce idareyi onun o\u011fullan almak istedi. Fakat Bilge ve K\u00fcl Tigin karde\u015fler buna m\u00e2ni olarak ve amcazadelerini tasfiye ederek babalar\u0131n\u0131n devletine el koydular ve Bilge Ka\u011fan h\u00fck\u00fcmdar oldu. \u0130ki karde\u015f babalar\u0131n\u0131n ve amcalar\u0131n\u0131n devrinden kalm\u0131\u015f ihtiyar vezir, Bilge Ka\u011fan\u2019\u0131n kay\u0131npederi Tonyukuk\u2019un da yard\u0131m\u0131yla devleti daha da kuvvetlendirdiler. Sonra 731\u2032de K\u00fcl Tigin, 734\u2032te de Bilge Ka\u011fan \u00f6ld\u00fc. Bilge Ka\u011fan\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden 10 sene kadar sonra da Uygurlar, devleti ele ge\u00e7irerek 745\u2032te G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk h\u00e2kimiyetine son verdiler.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015fte bu kitapta sundu\u011fumuz Orhun \u00e2bideleri, bu T\u00fcrk hanedan\u0131n\u0131n Bilge Ka\u011fan devrinin mansulleri-dir. Birincisi olan K\u00fcl Tigin \u00e2bidesini a\u011fabeyisi Bilge Ka\u011fan 732\u2032de diktirmi\u015f, ikincisi olan Bilge Ka\u011fan \u00e2bidesini de \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden bir y\u0131l sonra 735\u2032te kendi o\u011flu olan ka\u011fan diktirmi\u015ftir. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc olarak verilen Tonyukuk \u00e2bidesi ise 720-725 senelerinde kendisi taraf\u0131ndan dikilmi\u015ftir. Orhun civar\u0131nda Orhun yaz\u0131s\u0131 ile yaz\u0131l\u0131 daha ba\u015fka kitabeler de bulunmu\u015ftur. Belli ba\u015fl\u0131lar\u0131 alt\u0131 tanedir. Fakat bunlar\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fckleri ve m\u00fchimleri bu \u00fc\u00e7 tanesidir.<\/p>\n
Orhun \u00e2bidelerine Orhun kitabeleri de denir. \u015e\u00fcphesiz bunlar kitabedir. Fakat hem madd\u00ee bak\u0131mdan, hem manevi bak\u0131mdan bu kitabeler s\u00f6z g\u00f6t\u00fcrmez birer abidedirler. Muhtevalar\u0131 gibi heybetli yap\u0131lar\u0131 da \u00e2bide h\u00fcviyetindedir. Onun i\u00e7in bunlar\u0131 ifade eden en iyi isim Orhun \u00e2bideleri t\u00e2biridir.<\/p>\n
K\u00fcl Tigin \u00e2bidesi, ka\u011fan olmas\u0131nda ve devletin kuvvetlenmesinde birinci derecede rol oynam\u0131\u015f bulunan kahraman karde\u015fine kar\u015f\u0131 Bilge Ka\u011fan\u2019\u0131n duydu\u011fu minnet duygular\u0131n\u0131n ve kendisini sanatk\u00e2rane bir vecd ve co\u015fkunlu\u011fun i\u00e7ine atan m\u00fcthi\u015f teess\u00fcr\u00fcn ebed\u00ee bir ifadesidir. Bilge Ka\u011fan bu ruh h\u00e2li ile \u00e2bide in\u015faat\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda oturup, eserin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131na bizzat nezaret etmi\u015ftir. Abidedeki ulv\u00ee ve m\u00fcbarek hitabe onun a\u011fz\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, \u00e2bidede o konu\u015fmaktad\u0131r, m\u00fcellif odur.<\/p>\n
K\u00fcl Tigin \u00e2bidesi, kaplumba\u011fa \u015feklindeki oyuk bir kaide ta\u015f\u0131na oturtulmu\u015ftur. Ke\u015ffedildi\u011fi zaman, bu kaidenin yan\u0131nda devrilmi\u015f bulunuyordu. Bilhassa devrik vaziyette r\u00fczg\u00e2ra maruz kalan k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda tahribat ve silintiler olmu\u015ftur. Sonradan yerine dikilmi\u015ftir. Y\u00fcksekli\u011fi 3,75 metredir. \u0130tina ile yontulmu\u015f, bir \u00e7e\u015fit kire\u00e7 ta\u015f\u0131 veya saf olmayan mermerdendir. Yukar\u0131ya do\u011fru biraz daralmaktad\u0131r. D\u00f6rt cephelidir. Do\u011fu ve bat\u0131 cephelerinin geni\u015fli\u011fi a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da 132, yukar\u0131da 122 santimdir. G\u00fcney ve Kuzey cepheleri ise a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da 46, yukar\u0131da 44 santimdir. \u00c2bidenin \u00fcst\u00fc kemer \u015feklinde bitmektedir ve yukar\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131mda be\u015f kenarl\u0131 olmaktad\u0131r. Do\u011fu cephesinin \u00fcst\u00fcnde ka\u011fan\u0131n i\u015fareti vard\u0131r. Bat\u0131 cephesi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00c7ince kitabe ile kapl\u0131d\u0131r. Di\u011fer \u00fc\u00e7 cephesi T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kitabelerle doludur.<\/p>\n
Cepheler aras\u0131nda kalan ve keskin olmayan kenarlarda ve \u00c7ince kitabenin yan\u0131nda da Orhun yaz\u0131s\u0131 vard\u0131r. Do\u011fu cephesinde 40, g\u00fcney ve kuzey cephelerinde 13\u2032er sat\u0131r vard\u0131r. Sat\u0131rlar yukar\u0131dan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya do\u011fru yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve sa\u011fdan sola do\u011fru istif edilmi\u015ftir. Sat\u0131rlar\u0131n uzunlu\u011fu a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 235 santim kadard\u0131r. Cetvelden \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f gibi, \u00e7ok muntazam, d\u00fczg\u00fcn ve g\u00fczel harflerle yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c2bidenin \u00c7ince kitabesinde T\u00fcrk-\u00c7in dostlu\u011fu, T\u00fcrk imparatorlu\u011fu ve K\u00fcl Tigin methedilmekte ve tan\u0131t\u0131lmakta, \u201cGelecek hadsiz, hesaps\u0131z nesillerin dima\u011flar\u0131nda, onlar\u0131n m\u00fc\u015fterek muvaffakiyetlerinin \u015fa\u015faas\u0131 her g\u00fcn yeniden canlans\u0131n diye, uzakta ve yak\u0131nda bulunan herkesin bunu \u00f6\u011frenmesi i\u00e7in, bilhassa muhte\u015fem bir kitabe yapt\u0131k\u201d ve \u201cB\u00f6yle adamlar\u0131n ebediyen payidar olacaklar\u0131n\u0131n muhakkak olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kim s\u00f6yleyebilir? U\u011furlu haberleri ebediyen il\u00e2n i\u00e7in \u015fimdi da\u011f gibi y\u00fcksek bir \u00e2bide dikilmi\u015ftir.\u201d gibi ifadeler s\u0131raland\u0131ktan sonra, tarih kaydedilmektedir.<\/p>\n
Abidenin civar\u0131nda t\u00fcrbe enkaz\u0131, pek \u00e7ok heykel par\u00e7alan ve \u00e2bideye \u00e7\u0131kan iki taraf\u0131 heykeller, ta\u015flar dizili 4, 5 kilometrelik bir yol bulunmu\u015ftur. Bu heykel par\u00e7alar\u0131 aras\u0131nda son zamanlarda K\u00fcl Tigin-\u2019in ba\u015f\u0131 ve kar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6vdesi ve y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da bulunmu\u015ftur. Abidenin ve t\u00fcrbenin in\u015fas\u0131nda T\u00fcrk ve \u00c7in sanatk\u00e2rlar\u0131 beraber \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u00c2bidedeki kitabeleri Bilge Ka\u011fan ve K\u00fcl Tigin\u2019in ye\u011feni Yollug Tigin yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bilge Ka\u011fan \u00e2bidesi, ayn\u0131 yerde K\u00fcl Tigin \u00e2bidesinin bir kilometre uza\u011f\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u015eekli, tertibi ve yap\u0131s\u0131 tamam\u0131yla birincisine benzemektedir. Yaln\u0131z bu bir ka\u00e7 santim daha y\u00fcksektir. Bu y\u00fczden do\u011fu cephesinde 41 ve dar cephelerinde 15\u2032er sat\u0131r vard\u0131r. Bunun da bat\u0131 cephesinde as\u0131l \u00c7ince kitabe vard\u0131r, \u00c7ince kitabenin \u00fcst\u00fcnde ayr\u0131ca T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kitabe devam etmektedir. \u00c7ince kitabe hemen hemen tamam\u0131yla silinmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Bilge Ka\u011fan \u00e2bidesi kendisinin 734\u2032te \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra 735\u2032te o\u011flu taraf\u0131ndan dikilmi\u015ftir. Bu \u00e2bidede de Bilge Ka\u011fan konu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Esasen \u00e2bidenin kuzey cephesinin ilk 8 sat\u0131r\u0131 K\u00fcl Tigin \u00e2bidesinin g\u00fcney cephesinin, do\u011fu cephesinin 2-24 sat\u0131rlar\u0131 ise K\u00fcl Tigin \u00e2bidesinin do\u011fu cephesinin mukabil sat\u0131rlar\u0131na benzemektedir. Bu \u00e2bidede ayr\u0131ca K\u00fcl Tigin\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonraki vakalar\u0131n il\u00e2ve edildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Bilge Ka\u011fan \u00e2bidesi hem devrilmi\u015f, hem de par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Onun i\u00e7in tahribat ve silinti bunda \u00e7ok fazlad\u0131r. Bu \u00e2bideyi de ye\u011feni Yollug Tigin yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her iki \u00e2bidede de Bilge Ka\u011fan\u2019\u0131n s\u00f6zlerinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Yollug Tigin\u2019in kitabe kay\u0131tlan ve il\u00e2veleri yer almaktad\u0131r. Bu \u00e2bidenin etraf\u0131nda da yine t\u00fcrbe enkaz\u0131 ve daha az olmak \u00fczere heykeller, balballar ve ta\u015flar vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Tonyukuk \u00e2bidesi, di\u011fer iki \u00e2bidenin biraz daha do\u011fusunda bulunmaktad\u0131r. Devrilmemi\u015f, dikili d\u00f6rt cepheli iki ta\u015f halindedir. Birinci ve daha b\u00fcy\u00fck olan ta\u015fta 35, ikinci ta\u015fta 27 sat\u0131r vard\u0131r. \u0130kinci ta\u015fta yaz\u0131lar daha itinas\u0131zd\u0131r ve a\u015f\u0131nma da daha \u00e7oktur. Bu \u00e2bidenin yaz\u0131lar\u0131 K\u00fcl Tigin ve Bilge Ka\u011fan\u2019\u0131nki kadar d\u00fczg\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Bu \u00e2bidede de yaz\u0131 yukar\u0131dan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat di\u011fer ikisinin aksine sat\u0131rlar soldan sa\u011fa do\u011fru istif edilmi\u015ftir. Tezyinat\u0131 da di\u011fer kit\u00e2belerdeki kadar sanatk\u00e2rane de\u011fildir. Tonyukuk \u00e2bidesinin yan\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir t\u00fcrbe kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131, heykeller, balballar ve ta\u015flar vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Tonyukuk \u00e2bidesini, lltiri\u015f Ka\u011fan\u2019\u0131n isyan\u0131na i\u015ftirak eden ve o g\u00fcnden Bilge Ka\u011fan devrine kadar devlet idaresinin ba\u015f yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 olarak kalan b\u00fcy\u00fck T\u00fcrk devlet adam\u0131 ve ba\u015fkumandan\u0131 Tonyukuk, ihtiyarl\u0131k devrinde bizzat diktirmi\u015ftir. Bu \u00e2bidede Tonyukuk konu\u015fmaktad\u0131r, bu \u00e2bidenin m\u00fcellefi odur.<\/p>\n
K\u00fcl Tigin ve Bilge Ka\u011fan \u00e2bideleri Baykal g\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00fcneyinde Orhun nehri vadisinde Ko\u015fo Tsay-dam g\u00f6l\u00fc civar\u0131nda 47,1. arz ve 101 1\/2 tul derecelerinde bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6t\u00fcken orman\u0131n\u0131n da buradaki Hangay s\u0131rada\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Tonyukuk \u00e2bidesi ise biraz daha do\u011fuda 48. arz ve 107. tul dereceleri aras\u0131nda Tola nehrinin yukar\u0131 mecras\u0131nda Bayn \u00c7okto denilen yerin yak\u0131n\u0131nda bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Orhun \u00e2bidelerinin bulunu\u015fu insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck ke\u015fiflerinden biridir. Orhun harfleri ile yaz\u0131l\u0131 kitabelerden daha 12. as\u0131rda tarih\u00e7i Cuveyn\u00ee T\u00e2rih-i Cihank\u00fc\u015fa\u2019smda bahsetmi\u015fti, ayr\u0131ca \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131 da \u00e7ok eskiden bu \u00e2bidelerin dikildi\u011fini bildirmekte idi. Fakat 18. ve 19. as\u0131rlara kadar Orhun harfli yaz\u0131lar ve \u00e2bideler ilim \u00e2leminin me\u00e7hul\u00fc olarak kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00d6nce K\u0131rg\u0131zlara ait mezar ta\u015flar\u0131ndan ibaret bulunan ve tek t\u00fck kelimelerle isimleri ihtiva eden Yenisey kitabeleri bulunmu\u015ftur, tik defa nebatat\u00e7\u0131 Daniel Gott-lieb Messerschmidt, k\u0131lavuzlu\u011funu yapan Philipp Johan von Tabbert (Strahlenberg) ile birlikte 1721 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yenisey vadisinde bu yaz\u0131 ile yaz\u0131l\u0131 bir ta\u015f\u0131 tesbit etmi\u015ftir. Fakat Orhun harfli kitabelerin yolunu a\u00e7an ve bu hususta ilim \u00e2leminin dikkatini \u00e7eken Philipp Johan von Tabbert (Strahlenberg) olmu\u015ftur. 1709\u2032da Poltava muharebesinde esir d\u00fc\u015fen bu \u0130sve\u00e7li subay\u0131 Ruslar Sibirya\u2019ya s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir. S\u00fcrg\u00fcnde 13 sene kalan ve Messerschmidt\u2019e k\u0131lavuzluk ederek serbest\u00e7e gezip dola\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerde incelemelerde bulunan Strahlenberg 1722\u2032de vatan\u0131na d\u00f6nd\u00fckten sonra 1930\u2032da ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n neticesini yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015f ve bu arada eserinde me\u00e7hul Yenisey kitabelerinden de bahsederek baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu yay\u0131n derhal ilim aleminin dikkatini \u00e7ekmi\u015f ve Orhun \u00e2bidelerinden bir iki as\u0131r \u00f6ncesine \u00e2it bulunan Yenisey kitabeleri arka arkaya bulunmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nihayet 1899\u2032da Rus bilgini Yadrintsev, sonradan K\u00fcl Tigin ve Bilge Ka\u011fan \u00e2bideleri oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lan Orhun kitabelerini bulmu\u015f, bunun \u00fczerine 1890 tarihinde He-ikel\u2019in ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bir Fin, 1891\u2032de de Radloff-\u2019un ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir Rus ilm\u00ee sefer heyeti mahalline g\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir. Her iki sefer heyeti de \u00e2bideleri yak\u0131ndan tetkik etmi\u015f ve foto\u011fraflar\u0131n\u0131 alarak d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Fin heyeti getirdi\u011fi m\u00fckemmel foto\u011fraflar\u0131 Avrupa ilim merkezlerine da\u011f\u0131tm\u0131\u015f, \u00f6te yandan hem Fin heyeti, hem de Radloff getirdikleri malzemenin foto\u011fraflar\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck atlaslar halinde ne\u015fretmi\u015flerdir. Bu atlas yay\u0131nlar\u0131 ile \u00e2bidelerin okunmas\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 h\u0131zlanm\u0131\u015f ve daha ba\u015fka yaz\u0131lar\u0131 da \u00e7\u00f6zm\u00fc\u015f bulunan Danimarkal\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e2lim Vilhelm Thomsen, k\u0131sa bir zaman sonra, 1893\u2032te Orhun yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmeye muvaffak olmu\u015ftur. \u00d6nce, \u00e2bidelerde \u00e7ok ge\u00e7en tengri, T\u00fcrk ve K\u00fcl tigin kelimelerini \u00e7\u00f6zen Thomsen, sonra b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e2bideleri okumu\u015f ve b\u00f6ylece T\u00fcrk milletinin ebed\u00ee minnettarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na mazhar olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
Art\u0131k bu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmden sonra bir yandan Thomsen, bir yandan Radloff abidelerin metni ve terc\u00fcmeleri \u00fczerinde adeta yar\u0131\u015fa girmi\u015fler, bunu di\u011fer \u00e2limler takip etmi\u015f ve zaman\u0131m\u0131za kadar bu b\u00fcy\u00fck T\u00fcrk \u00e2bideleri elden d\u00fc\u015fmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Amerika\u2019dan Japonya\u2019ya kadar Avrupa\u2019da ve medeni \u00e2lemde hemen hemen her dilde bu \u00e2bideler \u00fczerinde ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, 6 tanesi b\u00fcy\u00fck olan Orhun harfli yeni kitabeler ve metinler bulunmu\u015f, ne\u015firler birbirini kovalam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Son olarak gen\u00e7 T\u00fcrk \u00e2limi Tal\u00e2t Tekin Amerika\u2019da Orhun T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinin m\u00fckemmel bir gramerini ve kitabelerin yeni bir ne\u015frini yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Son zamanlarda Orhun sahas\u0131 arkeolojik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda da \u00f6n pl\u00e2na ge\u00e7mi\u015f ve burada y\u00fczlerce heykel, balbal, \u00e7e\u015fitli eserler .ve \u015fehir harabeleri bulunmu\u015ftur. Bu arada \u00c7ekoslovak \u00e2limi L. Jisl K\u00fcl Tigin heykelinin ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 da bulup g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bug\u00fcn, Orhun kitabeleri \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n adlar\u0131 bile bir kitap te\u015fkil eder. Biz kitab\u0131n sonunda bunlardan ancak k\u0131sa bir bibliyografya vermekle yetinece\u011fiz. Orhun \u00e2bidelerinin manzum oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrenler vard\u0131r. Hatta Rus bilgini \u0130ya Vasilyevna Stebleva bu hususta geni\u015f bir deneme yapm\u0131\u015f ve \u00e2bideleri manzum olarak yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tabi\u00ee, bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f do\u011fru de\u011fildir. Fakat \u00e2bidelerdeki dilin ve \u00fcsl\u00fbbun ahengini g\u00f6stermesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan dikkate de\u011fer bir husustur.<\/p>\n
Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i Yay\u0131nevi\u2019nin ilk kitab\u0131 olarak, Orhun \u00e2bidelerinin yeni bir ne\u015frini yap\u0131yoruz. Bu ne\u015firde en b\u00fcy\u00fck ve en m\u00fchim \u00fc\u00e7 \u00e2bideyi, K\u00fcl Tigin, Bilge Ka\u011fan ve Tonyukuk \u00e2bidelerini veriyoruz. Kitab\u0131m\u0131z \u00d6n s\u00f6z, bibliyografya, Orhun yaz\u0131s\u0131, metin, terc\u00fcme, s\u00f6zl\u00fck ve vesikalar b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerini i\u00e7ine almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Metin k\u0131sm\u0131nda \u00e2bidelerin as\u0131llar\u0131 ve belli ba\u015fl\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn ne\u015firleri kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak son bir ne\u015fir yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve bu arada teredd\u00fctl\u00fc noktalar i\u00e7in baz\u0131 yeni tekliflerde bulunulmu\u015ftur. K\u00fcl Tigin ve Bilge Ka\u011fan \u00e2bidelerinin benzeyen sat\u0131rlar\u0131 \u015fimdiye kadar umumiyetle K\u00fcl Tigin \u00e2bidesinde \u00e7ift sat\u0131r halinde yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f veya farklara i\u015faret edilmi\u015ftir. Her iki halde de Bilge Ka\u011fan \u00e2bidesinin yaln\u0131z fazla k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 m\u00fcstakil yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Biz hem Bilge Ka\u011fan \u00e2bidesinin b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6stermek maksadiyie, hem de kolay istifadeyi temin i\u00e7in hem metin, hem terc\u00fcme b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde \u00e2bideyi b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak verdik. \u0130ki \u00e2bidenin benzeyen k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 iki n\u00fcsha gibi kullanarak birbirini tamamlad\u0131k. T\u00fcrk \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 1250 sene evvelki T\u00fcrk-\u00e7eyi\u2019bu metin b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde yak\u0131ndan g\u00f6receklerdir.<\/p>\n
Terc\u00fcme b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde metnin kelime kelime \u00e7evrilmesine, aynen terc\u00fcmesine itina edilmi\u015f, serbest terc\u00fcmeden ve tefsirlerden ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna mukabil s\u00f6zl\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde kelimelerin ikinci, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc m\u00e2nalar\u0131 ve tefsirleri de verilmi\u015ftir. S\u00f6zl\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde b\u00fct\u00fcn kelimeler verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Metinler b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde ise \u00e2bidelerin S. E. Malov ve H. N. Orkun yay\u0131mlar\u0131ndan baz\u0131 foto\u011fraflar verilmi\u015ftir. Ger\u00e7ekten Orhun \u00e2bidelerini, bug\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den binlerce kilometre uzakta eski T\u00fcrk yurdunda, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Mo\u011folistan\u2019da T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn \u015fehadet parmaklar\u0131 olarak y\u00fckselen bu m\u00fcbarek ta\u015flar\u0131 kana kana okumak, her kelimesi \u00fczerinde derin derin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek, resimlerini hu\u015fu i\u00e7inde seyrederek ruhu y\u0131kamak, her T\u00fcrk i\u00e7in mill\u00ee ib\u00e2dettir. \u0130\u015fte bu kitap, bu ib\u00e2detin hizmetine sunulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Prof. Dr. Muharrem ERG\u0130N<\/p>\n
Orhun (G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk) Yaz\u0131s\u0131 <\/p>\n \u00dc\u00e7 k\u0131tada tarih boyunca geni\u015f sahalara yay\u0131lan T\u00fcrkler, gittikleri yerlerde bir \u00e7ok k\u00fclt\u00fcr merkezleri meydana getirmi\u015fler, temas ettikleri \u00e7evrelere g\u00f6re \u00e7e\u015fitli yaz\u0131lar, \u00e7e\u015fitli alfabeler kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Nitekim T\u00fcrklerin G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk, So\u011fd, Uygur, Mani, Brahmi, Arap, S\u00fcryani, Ermeni, Rum, L\u00e2tin, \u0130slav vs alfabelerini kullanm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Fakat az veya \u00e7ok kullan\u0131lan bu alfabelerin i\u00e7inde d\u00f6rt tanesi geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kullan\u0131larak T\u00fcrklerin umum\u00ee mill\u00ee alfabeleri h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir. Bunlar G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk, Uygur, Arap ve L\u00e2tin alfabeleridir.<\/p>\n G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk veya Orhun yaz\u0131s\u0131 T\u00fcrk yaz\u0131 dilinin ilk as\u0131rlar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, sonra onun yerini umum\u00ee yaz\u0131 olarak Uygur yaz\u0131s\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130slamiyet\u2019ten \u00f6nce en geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kullan\u0131lan, fakat \u0130sl\u00e2miyet\u2019ten sonra da uzun zaman yaz\u0131lan Uygur yaz\u0131s\u0131 ise, \u0130slamiyet\u2019le birlikte, yerini Arap as\u0131ll\u0131 T\u00fcrk yaz\u0131s\u0131na b\u0131rakma\u011fa ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Uzun m\u00fcddet yan yana kullan\u0131lan bu iki yaz\u0131dan sonuncusu da \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc umum\u00ee mill\u00ee yaz\u0131 olarak T\u00fcrk \u00fclkelerinde bin sene kullan\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra 1928\u2032de yerini d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc ve son mill\u00ee alfabe olan L\u00e2tin as\u0131ll\u0131 T\u00fcrk yaz\u0131s\u0131na b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Orhun yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrk yaz\u0131 dilinin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda en az bir ka\u00e7 as\u0131r kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u0130lk olarak Orhun \u00e2bidelerinden bir iki as\u0131r \u00f6ncesine ait Yenisey kitabelerinde g\u00f6r\u00fclen, sonra en m\u00fctek\u00e2mil \u015fekillerini Orhun \u00e2bidelerinde bulan bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n mil\u00e2d\u0131n ilk as\u0131rlar\u0131na kadar \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131 tahmin edilebilir. Hatt\u00e2 son zamanlarda T\u00fcrkistan T\u00fcrk ilim merkezlerinden, bu yaz\u0131 ile yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f mil\u00e2ttan \u00e7ok \u00f6ncesine ait T\u00fcrk\u00e7e baz\u0131 kaya yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011funa dair, hen\u00fcz kesinle\u015fmemi\u015f iddia ve haberler gelmi\u015ftir. \u015eimdilik 5. as\u0131rla 9. as\u0131r aras\u0131nda Yenisey kitabelerinde, Orhun \u00e2bidelerinde ve di\u011fer kitabelerde, ve ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde, kitap h\u00e2linde Orhun yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir vak\u0131ad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bu ilk mill\u00ee alfabenin, bu ilk umum\u00ee T\u00fcrk yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n men\u015fe bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da mill\u00ee oldu\u011fu hakk\u0131nda kuvvetli g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler mevcuttur. Sonraki di\u011fer \u00fc\u00e7 mill\u00ee alfabeden Uygur alfabesi So\u011fd, ikincisi Arap, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc L\u00e2tin as\u0131ll\u0131d\u0131r. Orhun alfabesinin men\u015fei meselesi ise ilim \u00e2leminde m\u00fcnaka\u015fa konusudur Bunun da Aram\u0131, So\u011fd, Pehlevi vs gibi yabanc\u0131 as\u0131ll\u0131 oldu\u011funu kabul edenlerin, fakat ispat edemi-yenlerin yan\u0131nda T\u00fcrk as\u0131ll\u0131 oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrenler de vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n Orhon elifbas\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrk icad\u0131 oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrenler bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n damgalardan, \u015fekillerden \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmekte ve baz\u0131 harf \u015fekillerinin T\u00fcrk men\u015feini g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini tesbit etmektedirler. Ger\u00e7ekten de\u00a0\u201cok\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0okunan\u00a0\u201c<\/strong>\u201d<\/strong>harfinin\u00a0ok<\/strong>\u2018a;\u00a0\u201cy\u201d\u00a0<\/strong>okunan\u00a0\u201cD\u201d\u00a0<\/strong>harfinin\u00a0yay<\/strong>\u2018a;\u00a0\u201cs\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0okunan\u00a0\u201cl\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0harfinins\u00fcng\u00fc<\/strong>\u2018ye;\u00a0\u201c<\/strong>b\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0okunan\u00a0\u201c<\/strong>\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0harfinin\u00a0eb>ev<\/strong>\u2018e;\u00a0\u201c<\/strong>t\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0okunan\u00a0\u201c<\/strong>\u201d<\/strong>harfinin\u00a0ta\u011f > da\u011f<\/strong>\u2018a benzedi\u011fi ilk bak\u0131\u015fta g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bunlar\u0131 daha da art\u0131rabilmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Orhun harflerinin bir \u00f6nceki devrinin i\u015faretleri olan Yenisey yaz\u0131 i\u015faretlerinde 150\u2032den fazla \u015fekil vard\u0131r. Bu i\u015faretlerin Orhunda 38 harflik bir alfabe h\u00e2line geldi\u015fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Orhun yaz\u0131s\u0131na ilim \u00e2leminde karakter benzerlisi dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, eski \u0130skandinav, Germen gizli yaz\u0131s\u0131na nisbet edilerek, T\u00fcrk run yaz\u0131s\u0131, runik T\u00fcrk yaz\u0131s\u0131 ad\u0131 da verilmi\u015ftir. Orhun harflerinin karakteri i\u015faretlerin esas itibariyle keskin d\u00fcz \u00e7izgilerden meydana gelmi\u015f olmas\u0131 ve birbiri ile biti\u015fmemesidir.<\/p>\n Orhun yaz\u0131s\u0131nda harfler biti\u015fmez. Yaz\u0131 sa\u011fdan sola veya yukar\u0131dan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya do\u011fru yaz\u0131l\u0131r. Kelimeler, umumiyetle aralar\u0131na \u00fcst \u00fcste iki nokta konarak birbirinden ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n Orhun alfabesinde 38 harf vard\u0131r. Bu 38 harfin 4 tanesi vokal i\u015faretidir. Geriye kalan 34 i\u015faret konsanant harfleridir. T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede tabi\u00ee bu kadar konsonant mevcut de\u011fildir. Bir \u00e7ok konsonant\u0131n bu alfabede birden fazla harfi mevcuttur. Bir k\u0131s\u0131m konsonant\u0131n, yan\u0131ndaki vokalin kal\u0131n ve ince olmas\u0131na g\u00f6re iki ayr\u0131 i\u015fareti vard\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca baz\u0131 \u00e7ift ses, \u00e7ift konsonant i\u015faretleri de mevcuttur. B\u00f6ylece bu alfabede kalabal\u0131k bir konsonant i\u015fareti ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Buna mukabil T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin 8 \u2013 9 vokali kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda\u00a0a<\/strong>\u00a0ve\u00a0e<\/strong>\u00a0i\u00e7in bir harf ();\u00a0\u0131<\/strong>\u00a0ve\u00a0i<\/strong>\u00a0i\u00e7in bir harf ();\u00a0o<\/strong>\u00a0ve\u00a0u<\/strong>\u00a0i\u00e7in bir harf ();\u00a0\u00f6<\/strong>\u00a0ve\u00a0\u00fc<\/strong>\u00a0i\u00e7in bir harf () olmak \u00fczere 4 harfi vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n Orhun yaz\u0131s\u0131nda vokallerin \u00e7ok defa yaz\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Yaz\u0131lmayan vokaller kelime i\u00e7inde ve kelime ba\u015f\u0131nda olup, sondaki vokaller esas itibariyle hep yaz\u0131l\u0131r. Kelime ba\u015f\u0131nda ve ilk hecedeki\u00a0a<\/strong>\u00a0ve\u00a0e<\/strong>\u2018nin yaz\u0131lmamas\u0131 bilhassa dikkati \u00e7eker.<\/p>\n Orhun yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n konsonant iml\u00e2s\u0131 esas itibariyle sa\u011flamd\u0131r. Harf kalabal\u0131\u011f\u0131na ra\u011fmen m\u00fchim bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclmez. Ancak kal\u0131n ve ince konsonant\u0131n, az da olsa baz\u0131 yerlerde birbirinin yerine kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 da g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ayr\u0131ca\u00a0s<\/strong>\u00a0harfi bir \u00e7ok defa\u00a0\u015f<\/strong>\u00a0i\u00e7in de kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve \u00f6te yandan birbirine benzedi\u011fi i\u00e7in bir iki kelimede de\u00a0s<\/strong>\u00a0(l<\/strong>) yerine\u00a0\u015f<\/strong>\u00a0() ve kal\u0131n\u00a0s<\/strong>\u00a0() yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Orhun \u00e2bideleri ile devrin di\u011fer kitabeleri aras\u0131nda harflerin \u015fekilleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan baz\u0131 farklar g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu y\u00fczden bir k\u0131s\u0131m harflerin birden fazla \u015fekli ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131r\u0131z. Bu kitaba al\u0131nan \u00fc\u00e7 \u00e2bidenin ilk ikisi ile Tonyukuk aras\u0131nda da b\u00f6yle bir ka\u00e7 \u015fekil fark\u0131 vard\u0131r ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki cetvelde g\u00f6r\u00fclen ikinci \u015fekiller umumiyetle Tonyukuk\u2019a aittir. Tonyukuk\u2019ta ayr\u0131ca, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki listede bulunmayan, d\u00f6rt k\u00f6\u015fe bir i\u015faret daha vard\u0131r. Bu\u00a0s<\/strong>,\u00a0\u015f<\/strong>\u00a0i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bir i\u015farettir. Bir de\u00a0\u201cba\u015f\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0kelimesi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan u\u00e7 uca biti\u015fmi\u015f iki \u00fc\u00e7gen \u015feklinde bir i\u015faret vard\u0131r:<\/p>\n s<\/strong>,\u00a0\u015f:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0,\u00a0ba\u015f:<\/strong><\/p>\n Kaynaklar ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, Orhun yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n G\u00f6kt\u00fcrklerden \u00f6nce de kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. \u00c7inli gezgin Hiuen-Tsang (7. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131), G\u00f6kt\u00fcrklerden \u00f6nce Ak Hunlar\u0131n da yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011funu ve bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n G\u00f6kt\u00fcrklerin kullanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu Orhun yaz\u0131s\u0131 ile ayn\u0131 oldu\u011funu bildirir. Bizansl\u0131 tarih\u00e7i Prokopios da (6.yy.), Ogur T\u00fcrklerinin kendi yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 kulland\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kaydeder. Bizansl\u0131 Menandros\u2019a g\u00f6re, \u0130stemi Yabgu\u2019nun 568 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bizans \u0130mparatoru\u2019na yollad\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektup da \u201c\u0130skit (T\u00fcrk) yaz\u0131s\u0131\u201d ile yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Menandros\u2019un \u0130skit kelimesi ile anlatmak istedi\u011fi, G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler\u2019dir.<\/p>\n Taspar (Tapo) Ka\u011fan (572-581) i\u00e7in, bir budizm kitab\u0131 olan Nirvana Sutra\u2019n\u0131n T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00e7evirisi yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Hazar Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile Bat\u0131 (Avrupa) Avar Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019nda da Orhun yaz\u0131s\u0131 kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mayatskiy kaz\u0131lar\u0131nda ele ge\u00e7en seramik par\u00e7alar\u0131 ve tu\u011flalar \u00fczerinde bulunan yaz\u0131lar bunun kan\u0131tlar\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca Macaristan\u2019da bulunan ve Orhun harfleriyle yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan d\u00f6rt sat\u0131rl\u0131k yaz\u0131t, Bat\u0131 Apar d\u00f6nemine aittir.<\/p>\n Bizansl\u0131 Priskos (5.yy.ortas\u0131) an\u0131lar\u0131nda, Hun yazmanlar\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131 bir yaz\u0131 ile haz\u0131rlad\u0131klar\u0131 metinleri Attila\u2019ya okuduklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler ki bu da Avrupa Hunlar\u0131n\u0131n kendi \u00f6z yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011funu kan\u0131tlar. Orhun alfabesinin harflerinden olu\u015fan Tuna Bulgarlar\u0131n\u0131n yaz\u0131s\u0131, bu Hun yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131d\u0131r. Demek ki, 4.yy.da Avrupa\u2019ya gelen Hunlar, Orhun yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da birlikte getirmi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n Asya Hunlar\u0131n\u0131n milli yaz\u0131lar\u0131 da olduk\u00e7a yayg\u0131nd\u0131. \u00c7in y\u0131ll\u0131klar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle der: \u201cUygurlar\u0131n atalar\u0131 Kao-k\u00fc\u2019ler \u00c7ince yazar, fakat Hunca da yazarlard\u0131. Klasikleri, Hun dili ile okurlard\u0131\u201d. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n, daha sonraki d\u00f6nemlerdeki \u00c7in y\u0131ll\u0131klar\u0131nda, T\u00fcrklerin yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve G\u00f6kt\u00fcrklerin de yaz\u0131 bilmediklerine dair kay\u0131tlardan kas\u0131t, onlar\u0131n \u00c7in alfabelerini kullanmamalar\u0131d\u0131r. Yoksa ayn\u0131 \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131, T\u00fcrklerin Orhun yaz\u0131s\u0131 ile yazd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 bir\u00e7ok kez bildirmektedir. Mesela, yukar\u0131daki T\u00fcrklerin yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildiren \u00c7in kayd\u0131ndan 40 y\u0131l \u00f6nce, yine ayn\u0131 \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131, K\u00f6k T\u00fcrk yaz\u0131s\u0131ndan s\u00f6z etmektedir.<\/p>\n Son y\u0131llarda Orta Asya\u2019da yap\u0131lan ke\u015fiflerle, Orhun yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n Hunlardan daha \u00f6nce de kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya konulmu\u015ftur. Is\u0131k G\u00f6l yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Esik Kurgan\u0131 (Alt\u0131n giysili adam\u0131n mezar\u0131), 1970\u2032de a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve i\u00e7indeki g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f bir \u00e7ana\u011f\u0131n \u00fczerinde Orhun yaz\u0131s\u0131 ile yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f sat\u0131rlara rastlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Esik Kurgan\u0131, M\u00d6 5-4. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan kalmad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019ndaki M\u00d6 2. y\u00fczy\u0131la ait Kuray Kurgan\u0131\u2019nda da Orhun yaz\u0131s\u0131 ile yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f 5 harflik bir metin vard\u0131r. \u0130lerideki kaz\u0131 ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarla birlikte bu \u00f6rneklerin \u00e7o\u011falaca\u011f\u0131 muhakkakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n Orhun Yaz\u0131s\u0131\u2019n\u0131n K\u00f6keni \u00d6ncelikle, T\u00fcrk-Orhun harfleri \u00e7entme-oyma (runik) nitelik ta\u015f\u0131rlar ki T\u00fcrklerin \u00e7evresindeki kavimlerden ne \u0130ranl\u0131lar, ne Hintliler, ne de \u00c7inliler bu t\u00fcr harf kullanmam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Arami alfabesi ve ondan t\u00fcreyen yaz\u0131lar da (Armazique, Parsi, Pehlevi, Sogd vb) \u00e7entme-oyma nitelik ta\u015f\u0131mazlar. Karakter bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Orhun yaz\u0131s\u0131na en yak\u0131n tek alfabe bat\u0131daki eski Germen runik yaz\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r ki, Orhun-T\u00fcrk yaz\u0131s\u0131 ile Germen runik yaz\u0131s\u0131 aras\u0131nda ne tarihi a\u00e7\u0131dan, ne de dil a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir ilgi yoktur.<\/p>\n Arami alfabesindeki 22 harfe kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, Orhun alfabesinde 38 harf vard\u0131r ve Orhun yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n Arami ya da \u0130rani bir alfabeden kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrenler, bu alfabelerin daha o \u00e7a\u011flarda T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan T\u00fcrk dilinin foneti\u011fine g\u00f6re nas\u0131l d\u00fczeltilip geli\u015ftirildi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klayamamaktad\u0131rlar. T\u00fcrk yaz\u0131s\u0131na k\u00f6ken oldu\u011fu iddia edilen Pehlevi ve Aramazique yaz\u0131lar\u0131n ilk \u00f6rnekleri en erken milat s\u0131ralar\u0131na indi\u011fi halde, T\u00fcrk yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ilk \u00f6rnekleri \u00e7ok daha eskilere, M\u00d6 5-4. y\u00fczy\u0131llara (Esik ve Kuray kurganlar\u0131) de\u011fin gitmektedir.<\/p>\n Orhun yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclen g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerden en do\u011frusu ve akla yatk\u0131n olan\u0131, bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n Eski T\u00fcrk damgalar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcd\u00fcr. Nitekim \u00c7inliler, Eski T\u00fcrklerin de\u011fnekler \u00fczerine \u00e7entikler \u00e7izerek, ok ucuyla balmumu \u00fcst\u00fcne i\u015faretler yazarak haberle\u015ftiklerini ve resmi belgelerini saptad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 bildirmektedirler.<\/p>\n Orhun yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrk bulu\u015fu oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyenler, bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n eski T\u00fcrk damga ve i\u015faretlerinden \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul ederler. Ger\u00e7ekten de Orhun yaz\u0131s\u0131ndaki harflerden OK sesini veren harf ok\u2019a, (A)Y sesini veren harf Ay\u2019a, (E)S sesini veren harf (s) s\u00fcng\u00fcye, (E)B sesini veren harf ev\u2019e (Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019de \u201ceb\u201d), (A)T \u2013 T(A) sesini veren harf da\u011f\u2019a (Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019de \u201ctag\u201d), (E)L sesini veren harf el\u2019e, (E)R sesini veren harf de er\u2019e yani adam\u2019a benzemektedir.<\/p>\n Orhun Yaz\u0131s\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u0130mlas\u0131 S\u00f6zc\u00fck ba\u015f\u0131 ve i\u00e7inde A harfi yaz\u0131lmaz ama s\u00f6zc\u00fck sonunda muhakkak belirtilir. Bunun nedeni, \u00fcns\u00fcz i\u015faretlerinin \u00e7o\u011funun A ya da E ile ba\u015flay\u0131p yine A ya da E sesi ile biten ses \u00f6be\u011fi de\u011ferinde olmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rneklerde, ince \u00fcnl\u00fclerle birlikte kullan\u0131lan S harfinin bazen \u015e sesi yerine kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Benzer bi\u00e7imde \u015e harfi de bazen kal\u0131n S sesi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00f6zc\u00fck ba\u015f\u0131ndaki I, \u0130, O, U, \u00d6, \u00dc \u00fcnl\u00fcleri her zaman yaz\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\n(Prof. Dr. Muharrem Ergin)<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n<\/strong>
\nG\u00f6kt\u00fcrk \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun resmi yaz\u0131s\u0131 olan Orhun yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 \u00e7ok daha eskilere gider. Bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi, Orhun yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n G\u00f6kt\u00fcrklerle birlikte kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 san\u0131r ama i\u015fin do\u011frusu bu de\u011fildir. T\u00fcrklerin \u00e7ok daha eski d\u00f6nemlerde de kendilerine \u00f6zg\u00fc yaz\u0131lar\u0131 vard\u0131 ve bu yaz\u0131 Orhun yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n atas\u0131 idi. Yaz\u0131n\u0131n icat nedenlerinden biri devlet y\u00f6netimi oldu\u011funa g\u00f6re, G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019ndan \u00f6nce kurulmu\u015f ve \u00e7ok geni\u015f alanlara yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bulunan T\u00fcrk devletlerinin (B\u00fcy\u00fck Hun, Bat\u0131 Hun, Ak Hun gibi) yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrmek biraz safdillik olur. Ancak, bu eski T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr anda\u00e7lar\u0131, bozk\u0131r\u0131n sert iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131nda yok olup gitmi\u015ftir. Zaten, G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk an\u0131tlar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan Orhun yaz\u0131s\u0131 n\u0131n m\u00fckemmel bir yap\u0131ya sahip olmas\u0131, bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok daha eskilerden kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r.<\/div>\n
\n<\/strong>
\nOrhun yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n nereden \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda \u00e7e\u015fitli g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6keni ile ilgili ba\u015fl\u0131ca g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler \u015funlard\u0131r: \u0130skandinav run\u2019lar\u0131, Arami, \u0130rani, Eski T\u00fcrk damgalar\u0131, Sogd, Pehlevi, Parth, Grek. Her nedense, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu, Mill\u00ee T\u00fcrk Yaz\u0131s\u0131\u2019na Sami (Arami) ve \u0130ndo-\u0130rani bir k\u00f6ken bulmak i\u00e7in yo\u011fun bir \u00e7aba g\u00f6stermektedirler. Ancak bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler pek inand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fildir. Nedenleri de \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n
\n<\/strong>
\nOrhun yaz\u0131s\u0131, G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk An\u0131tlar\u0131\u2019ndan \u00f6nce Yenisey yaz\u0131tlar\u0131nda da kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yenisey yaz\u0131tlar\u0131nda 150\u2032den fazla i\u015faret vard\u0131r. Bu i\u015faretlerin say\u0131s\u0131 G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk An\u0131tlar\u0131\u2019nda 38\u2032e d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (s\u00f6zc\u00fck ay\u0131rma i\u015fareti hari\u00e7). Yukar\u0131daki tabloda bir \u00f6rne\u011fini g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcz Orhun Alfabesi, 38 harften ve bir s\u00f6zc\u00fck ay\u0131rma iminden olu\u015fur. Harflerin karakteri, genel olarak, kesin ve d\u00fcz \u00e7izgilerden olu\u015fmas\u0131 ve birbirleriyle biti\u015fmemesidir. Orhun yaz\u0131s\u0131 sa\u011fdan sola ve yukar\u0131dan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya do\u011fru yaz\u0131l\u0131r. Alfabedeki 38 harfin 34\u2032\u00fc \u00fcns\u00fcz, 4\u2032\u00fc \u00fcnl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Kimi \u00fcns\u00fczlerin ince ve kal\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fcl\u00fclerle ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 kullan\u0131lan iki t\u00fcr\u00fc vard\u0131r. Kimi \u00fcns\u00fczler ise iki sesin birle\u015fmesinden olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n