{"id":2461,"date":"2025-03-08T03:36:33","date_gmt":"2025-03-08T00:36:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bilgisarayi.net\/?p=2461"},"modified":"2025-03-08T03:36:33","modified_gmt":"2025-03-08T00:36:33","slug":"bolgesel-ve-kuresel-orgutler","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/buradasin.com.tr\/kutuphane\/bolgesel-ve-kuresel-orgutler\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u00f6lgesel ve K\u00fcresel \u00d6rg\u00fctler"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/span>K\u00fcresel ve B\u00f6lgesel \u00d6rg\u00fctler<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

A. K\u00fcresel \u00d6rg\u00fctler\u00a0<\/strong>
\n1) Siyasi \u00d6rg\u00fctler<\/strong>
\na) Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler<\/strong><\/p>\n

24 Ekim 1945 y\u0131l\u0131nda 51 \u00fclke bir araya gelerek New York\u2019ta kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Kurulu\u015f Amac\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  • \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 kazanan \u00fclkeler taraf\u0131ndan sava\u015f sonunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilecek anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmektir.<\/li>\n
  • D\u00fcnya\u2019da bar\u0131\u015f ve huzurun sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ama\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n
  • T\u00fcrkiye Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletlerin kurucu \u00fcyeleri aras\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n
  • 192 \u00fcyesi vard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n Organlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \n
    • Genel Kurul<\/li>\n
    • Genel Sekreterlik<\/li>\n
    • G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi<\/li>\n
    • Ekonomik ve Sosyal Konsey<\/li>\n
    • Uluslararas\u0131 Adalet Divan\u0131<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Vesayet Konseyi<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \n
      • Kurucu \u00fcye \u00fclkelerden 5 daimi \u00fclke al\u0131nan kararlar\u0131 veto etme hakk\u0131na sahiptir. Bu \u00fclkelerin onaylamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kararlar y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giremez.<\/li>\n
      • \u00c7in, ABD, Fransa,\u0130ngiltere, Rusya (\u00c7AF\u0130R)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Not: T\u00fcrkiye kurucu \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen veto etme hakk\u0131na sahip de\u011fildir.
        \nGenel Sekreterlik Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n en \u00fcst idari organ\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n Yard\u0131mc\u0131 Organlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Unesco: Bilim ve K\u00fclt\u00fcr \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc
        \nUnicef: \u00c7ocuklara Yard\u0131m Fonu
        \nFao: G\u0131da ve Tar\u0131m \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc
        \nWHO: D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc
        \nWTO: D\u00fcnya Ticaret \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc
        \nILO: Uluslararas\u0131 \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc
        \nIMF: D\u00fcnya Para Fonu<\/p>\n

        <\/span>b) \u0130slam Konferans\u0131 \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

        \u0130K\u00d6, 25 Eyl\u00fcl 1969\u2019da Fas Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti olan Rabat\u2019ta kurulmu\u015ftur.
        \nKurulu\u015fun en \u00f6nemli sebebi \u0130srail\u2019in 21 A\u011fustos 1969\u2019da Filistin kenti ve \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n en kutsal simgelerinden olan El-Aksa camisinin bulundu\u011fu Kud\u00fcs\u2019\u00fc i\u015fgal etmesiydi.
        \nSuudi Arabistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u015f kenti Cidde, \u0130K\u00d6\u2019n\u00fcn ilk genel sekreterli\u011finin merkezi olarak belirlenmi\u015fti.
        \n1972 \u015eubat\u2019\u0131nda Rabat\u2019ta yap\u0131lan konferansta ise \u0130K\u00d6\u2019n\u00fcn i\u015fbirli\u011fi alanlar\u0131 geni\u015fletilerek manevi-politik ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra sosyal, ekonomik, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve bilimsel alanlarda da i\u015fbirli\u011fi ilerletildi.
        \nKurulu\u015f Amac\u0131
        \n\u0130slam \u00dclkeleri aras\u0131ndaki yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve i\u015fbirli\u011fin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131
        \nM\u00fcsl\u00fcman halklar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fini korumak ve m\u00fccadelelerini desteklemek.
        \n\u00dcye devletler aras\u0131nda Siyasal, ekonomik, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, bilimsel ve sosyal i\u015fbirli\u011fini artt\u0131rmak.
        \nM\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarca kutsal olarak kabul edilen yerlerin korunmas\u0131
        \nFilistin Halk\u0131\u2019n\u0131n m\u00fccadelesini ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k haklar\u0131n\u0131 desteklemek ve savunmak
        \nHer t\u00fcrl\u00fc s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak<\/p>\n

        <\/span>2)Askeri \u00d6rg\u00fctler<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

        a) NATO (Kuzey Atlantik Antla\u015fmas\u0131 \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc)<\/strong><\/p>\n

        9 Nisan 1949 tarihinde Washington\u2019da kurulmu\u015ftur.
        \nKurulu\u015f Amac\u0131
        \nII. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 ABD\u2019nin deste\u011fini alarak Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla kurulmu\u015ftur.
        \n\u00dcye \u00fclkelerden herhangi biri tehdit alt\u0131nda oldu\u011funda di\u011fer \u00fclkelerin destek vermesi kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
        \nT\u00fcrkiye 1952 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00fcye olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

        <\/span>NATO\u2019ya \u00dcye Olan \u00dclkeler<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

        Almanya, ABD, Bel\u00e7ika , Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k, Bulgaristan, \u00c7ek Cumhuriyeti, Danimarka, Estonya, Fransa, Hollanda, \u0130spanya, \u0130zlanda, \u0130talya, Kanada, Letonya, Litvanya, L\u00fcksemburg, Macaristan, Norve\u00e7, Polonya, Portekiz, Romanya, Slovakya, Slovenya, T\u00fcrkiye ve Yunanistand\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        <\/span>3) Ekonomik \u00d6rg\u00fctler<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

        a) OPEC (Petrol \u0130hra\u00e7 Eden \u00dclkeler \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc)<\/strong><\/p>\n

        1960 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ba\u011fdat\u2019ta kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

        Kurucu \u00dclkeler<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Suudi Arabistan,Irak, \u0130ran, Venezuela, Kuveyt\u2019tir.<\/p>\n

        Kurulu\u015f Amac\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Petrol fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n ve \u00fcretim miktarlar\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesidir.
        \nKurucu \u00fclkeler yeni \u00fclkelerin kurulu\u015fa kat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 veto etme hakk\u0131na sahiptirler.<\/p>\n

        Sonradan Kat\u0131lan \u00dclkeler<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Katar, Cezayir, Libya, Nijerya, Endonezya, Gabon, Ekvador, Angola, Birle\u015fik Arap Emirlikleri.<\/p>\n

        b) OECD (Avrupa Ekonomik Kalk\u0131nma ve \u0130\u015f Birli\u011fi \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc)<\/strong><\/p>\n

        1946 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan Avrupa Ekonomik \u0130\u015f Birli\u011finin temelleri \u00fczerine 14 Aral\u0131k 1960 y\u0131l\u0131nda imzalanan Paris Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

        Kurulu\u015f Amac\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \u00dcye \u00fclkelerdeki halk\u0131n ya\u015fam standard\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckseltmek
        \nEkonomik dengesizli\u011fi ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak
        \nD\u00fcnya ekonomisinin geli\u015ftirilmesine destek vermek<\/p>\n

        \u00dcye \u00dclkeler<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Avrupa \u00fclkeleri (Finlandiya hari\u00e7), ABD, Kanada, Japonya, Avustralya, Yeni Zelanda.
        \nT\u00fcrkiye 1948 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00fcye olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

        <\/span>c) IMF (Uluslararas\u0131 Para Fonu)<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

        I. ve II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra Avrupa \u00fclkeleri ekonomik kriz ya\u015farken ihracat\u0131 ve alt\u0131n stoklar\u0131 artan ABD, di\u011fer \u00fclkeleri ekonomik y\u00f6nden destekleyecek konuma gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

        Bu ama\u00e7la;<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \n
        • 1944 y\u0131l\u0131nda 44 devletin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n
        • IMF, 1947 y\u0131l\u0131nda fiili olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n
        • T\u00fcrkiye 1947 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00fcye olmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n
        • 2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda S\u0131rbistan Karada\u011f\u2019\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ile IMF\u2019ye \u00fcye \u00fclke say\u0131s\u0131 185 olmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          IMF\u2019nin Ama\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

            \n
          • D\u00fcnya para meselelerinin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda i\u015f birli\u011fi sa\u011flamak<\/li>\n
          • \u00dclkelerin \u00f6deme g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00e7ekmemesi i\u00e7in gerekli \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler \u00fcretmek<\/li>\n
          • Deval\u00fcasyonlar\u0131 engellemek (Deval\u00fcasyon; bir devletin resmi para biriminin di\u011fer \u00fclke d\u00f6vizleri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda de\u011fer kaybettirilmesidir.)<\/li>\n
          • D\u00fcnya ticaretinin dengeli \u015fekilde geli\u015fmesini sa\u011flamak<\/li>\n
          • \u00dcye devletlerin istihdam\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rmak<\/li>\n
          • \u00dcye devletlerin y\u00fcksek b\u00fcy\u00fcme h\u0131z\u0131na ula\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak<\/li>\n
          • Not: IMF \u00f6deme g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckleri \u00e7eken devletlere k\u0131sa vadeli krediler vererek D\u00fcnya ticaretinin canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumay\u0131 hedefler.<\/li>\n
          • IMF, bilan\u00e7olar\u0131 fazla veya a\u00e7\u0131k veren \u00fclkelere m\u00fcdahele etme hakk\u0131na sahiptir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            d) D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

              \n
            • II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra uluslararas\u0131 Yeniden Yap\u0131lanma ve Kalk\u0131nma Bankas\u0131 (IBRD) ad\u0131yla kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n
            • 1947 y\u0131l\u0131nda Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletlerin \u00f6zerk uzman kurulu\u015flar\u0131ndan biri olma \u00f6zelli\u011fi kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
              \nG\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde 181 \u00fcyesi vard\u0131r. Bunlardan 11\u2019i banka sermayesinin %55\u2019ine sahiptir.<\/li>\n
            • T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin sermayedeki pay\u0131 ve oy y\u00fczdesi %0,5\u2019tir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131;<\/strong><\/p>\n

                \n
              • Guvern\u00f6rler Kurulu<\/li>\n
              • \u0130cra Direkt\u00f6rler Kurulu<\/li>\n
              • Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k Organlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilmektedir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                <\/span>4) \u00c7evre \u00d6rg\u00fctleri<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

                a) Greenpeace<\/strong><\/p>\n

                  \n
                • D\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda \u00e7evre olaylar\u0131na duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in 1971 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n
                • \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak y\u00fcr\u00fctebilmek i\u00e7in;<\/li>\n
                • Devletlerden, \u015firketlerden ya da siyasi partilerden ba\u011f\u0131\u015f ve sponsorluk kabul etmez.<\/li>\n
                • Sadece bireylerden maddi ve manevi destek al\u0131r.<\/li>\n
                • \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 bas\u0131n yoluyla duyurur ve \u015fiddete ba\u015fvurmaz.<\/li>\n
                • 24 ulusal ve 4 b\u00f6lgesel ofisi vard\u0131r.<\/li>\n
                • 1992 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ofisini a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  Ba\u015fl\u0131ca Ama\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • K\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n durdurulmas\u0131,<\/li>\n
                  • Fosil yak\u0131tlar\u0131n kademeli olarak sonland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve yenilebilir enerji kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n te\u015fvik edilmesi,<\/li>\n
                  • Kimyasal silahlanma ve kirlili\u011fe son verilmesi,<\/li>\n
                  • Zehirli kimyasallar\u0131n ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131,<\/li>\n
                  • Okyanus ve ormanlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131<\/li>\n
                  • Ticari ama\u00e7l\u0131 balina av\u0131n\u0131n kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131<\/li>\n
                  • Hayvan ve bitki soylar\u0131n\u0131n yok olmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    <\/span>B. B\u00f6lgesel \u00d6rg\u00fctler<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

                    1. Avrupa Birli\u011fi (AB)<\/strong><\/p>\n

                    18 Nisan 1951 tarihinde: Bel\u00e7ika, Hollanda, Almanya, L\u00fcksemburg, Fransa, \u0130talya aras\u0131nda imzalanan Paris Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile kurulmu\u015ftur.
                    \nG\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde AB\u2019ye \u00fcye say\u0131s\u0131 27\u2019ye \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

                    AB\u2019ye \u00dcye \u00dclkeler<\/strong><\/p>\n

                    1. Hollanda\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 15. Letonya
                    \n2. Bel\u00e7ika\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 16. Litvanya
                    \n3. L\u00fcksemburg\u00a0\u00a0 17. Polonya
                    \n4. Almanya\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 18. \u00c7ek Cumhuriyeti
                    \n5. Fransa\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 19. Avusturya
                    \n6. \u0130talya\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 20. Slovenya
                    \n7. \u0130ngiltere\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 21. Slovakya
                    \n8. \u0130spanya\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 22. Macaristan
                    \n9. Portekiz\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 23. Romanya
                    \n10. \u0130sve\u00e7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 24. Bulgaristan
                    \n11. Finlandiya\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 25. Yunanistan
                    \n12. Danimarka\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 26. Malta
                    \n13. Estonya\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 27. G\u00fcney K\u0131br\u0131s Rum Cumh.
                    \n14. \u0130rlanda<\/p>\n

                    Kurulu\u015f Amac\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

                    \u00dcye \u00fclkeleri aras\u0131nda; ekonomi, tar\u0131m, hizmet, rekabet gibi bir\u00e7ok alanda ortak politika olu\u015fturmakt\u0131r.
                    \nAmsterdam Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (1999) ve Nice Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (2003) sonras\u0131nda Avro ortak para birimi olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

                    AB \u00dcyesi Olup Avro Kullanmayan \u00dclkeler<\/strong><\/p>\n

                    \u0130ngiltere, \u0130sve\u00e7, Danimarka, \u00c7ek Cumhuriyeti, Estonya, Letonya, Macaristan, Romanya, Polonya, Bulgaristan.
                    \n\u015eengen Antla\u015fmas\u0131
                    \nAB \u00fclkelerinin kendi aralar\u0131nda vize kullanmadan serbest dola\u015f\u0131m hakk\u0131d\u0131r.
                    \n\u0130ngiltere ve \u0130rlanda AB \u00fcyesi oldu\u011fu halde \u015eengen Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na dahil olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
                    \nAB \u00dcyesi Olup NATO\u2019ya \u00dcye Olmayan \u00dclkeler
                    \nAvusturya, G.K\u0131br\u0131s, Finlandiya, Malta, \u0130sve\u00e7.<\/p>\n

                    2. NAFTA (Kuzey Amerika \u00dclkeleri Serbest Ticaret Anla\u015fmas\u0131)<\/strong><\/p>\n

                    ABD, Kanada ve Meksika aras\u0131nda 1994 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren ticaret antla\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

                    Kurulu\u015f Amac\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

                    Kuzey Amerika \u00fclkelerinin ba\u015fka \u00fclkelere kar\u015f\u0131 ekonomik y\u00f6nden g\u00fc\u00e7lenmeleri hedeflenmi\u015ftir<\/p>\n

                    3. KE\u0130 (Karadeniz Ekonomik \u0130\u015f Birli\u011fi)<\/strong><\/p>\n

                    T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde 25 Haziran 1992 tarihinde \u0130stanbul\u2019da kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

                    Kurulu\u015f Amac\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • B\u00f6lgesel olarak kalk\u0131nmak<\/li>\n
                    • Karadeniz havzas\u0131n\u0131n bar\u0131\u015f, istikrar ve refah b\u00f6lgesi olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      \u00dcye \u00dclkeler<\/strong><\/p>\n

                      <\/span>T\u00fcrkiye, Romanya, G\u00fcrcistan, Moldova, Azerbaycan, Bulgaristan, Ermenistan, Yunanistan, Rusya, Arnavutluk, Ukrayna.<\/span><\/h2>\n

                      <\/span>4. AG\u0130T (Avrupa G\u00fcvenlik Ve \u0130\u015f Birli\u011fi Te\u015fkilat\u0131)<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

                      Kurulu\u015f Amac\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne son verilmesi<\/li>\n
                      • G\u00fcvenlik ve istikrar\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131<\/li>\n
                      • \u00dcye devletler aras\u0131nda i\u015f birli\u011finin geli\u015ftirilmesi<\/li>\n
                      • \u00d6rnek: Interpol<\/li>\n
                      • T\u00fcrkiye 1999\u2019da \u00fcye olmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        G-8 \u00dclkeleri<\/strong><\/p>\n

                          \n
                        • \u00d6nemli sanayile\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkeler taraf\u0131ndan ekonomik politikalar\u0131n koordinasyonunu sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla 1975 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n
                        • 1997 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren AB\u2019nin temsilcileri de zirvelere kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n
                        • Rusya 1991\u2019de kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          \u00dcye \u00dclkeler<\/strong><\/p>\n

                          Almanya, Fransa, ABD, \u0130talya, \u0130ngiltere, Japonya, Kanada, Rusya<\/p>\n

                          G-20 \u00dclkeleri<\/strong><\/p>\n

                          1994 Meksika \u2013 Peso krizi, 1997 Asya krizi, 1998 Rusya krizi nedeniyle k\u00fcresel ekonomik ve mali istikrar\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ve te\u015fvik edilmesi amac\u0131yla kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

                          \u00dcye \u00dclkeler<\/strong><\/p>\n

                          T\u00fcrkiye, Arjantin, Avustralya, Brezilya, Kanada, \u00c7in, Fransa, Almanya, Hindistan, Endonezya, \u0130talya, Japonya, Meksika, Rusya, S.Arabistan, G.Afrika Cumhuriyeti, G.Kore, \u0130ngiltere, ABD, AB.
                          \nAyr\u0131ca IMF ve D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 toplant\u0131lara kat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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