{"id":2511,"date":"2025-03-11T00:49:16","date_gmt":"2025-03-10T21:49:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bilgisarayi.net\/?p=2511"},"modified":"2025-03-11T00:49:16","modified_gmt":"2025-03-10T21:49:16","slug":"namazin-farzlari-nelerdir-detayli-anlatim","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/buradasin.com.tr\/kutuphane\/namazin-farzlari-nelerdir-detayli-anlatim\/","title":{"rendered":"Namaz\u0131n Farzlar\u0131 nelerdir? Detayl\u0131 anlat\u0131m"},"content":{"rendered":"

Namaz\u0131n farzlar\u0131 on ikidir. Bunlardan alt\u0131s\u0131 namaza ba\u015flamadan \u00f6n\u00adce bulunmas\u0131 gereken farzlar olup \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/strong><\/p>\n

1- Hadesten taharet,<\/p>\n

2- Necasetten taharet,<\/p>\n

3- Setr-i avret,<\/p>\n

4- \u0130stikb\u00e2l-i k\u0131ble,<\/p>\n

5- Vakit,<\/p>\n

6- Niyet.<\/p>\n

Bunlara \u201cnamaz\u0131n \u015fartlar\u0131<\/strong>\u201d da denmektedir.<\/p>\n

Di\u011fer alt\u0131s\u0131 da \u201cnamaz\u0131n i\u00e7indeki<\/strong>\u201d farzlar olup \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n

1- \u0130ftit\u00e2h tekbiri (Ba\u015flama tekbiri),<\/p>\n

2- K\u0131yam,<\/p>\n

3- K\u0131raat,<\/p>\n

4- R\u00fck\u00fb,<\/p>\n

5- S\u00fcc\u00fbd,<\/p>\n

6- Ka\u2019de-i ah\u00eere.<\/p>\n

Bunlara \u201cnamaz\u0131n r\u00fck\u00fcnleri<\/strong>\u201d de denmektedir ki, bunlar namaz\u0131n mahiyetinden birer c\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc (par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131) olu\u015ftururlar. Yukar\u0131daki r\u00fck\u00fcnlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u201cta\u2019d\u00eel-i erk\u00e2n\u201d da Eb\u00fb Y\u00fbsuf\u2019a ve di\u011fer \u00fc\u00e7 mezhebe g\u00f6re, namazdan kendi iste\u011fi ile \u00e7\u0131kmak (hur\u00fbc bisun\u2019ih\u00ee) da Eb\u00fb Han\u00eefe\u2019ye g\u00f6re birer r\u00fck\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Yine M\u00e2liki \u015eafi\u00ee ve Hanbel\u00eeler\u2019e g\u00f6re namaz\u0131n sonunda sel\u00e2m vermek farzd\u0131r. \u015eimdi namaz\u0131n \u015fartlar\u0131 ve r\u00fck\u00fcnlerini te\u015fkil eden b\u00fct\u00fcn bu farzlar\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak tek tek ele almak yerinde olacakt\u0131r:<\/p>\n

<\/span>Namaz\u0131n \u015eartlar\u0131 nelerdir?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

<\/span>1- Hadesten Taharet<\/span><\/h3>\n

Hades<\/strong>, abdestsizlik ve gusl\u00fc gerektiren durumlar (c\u00fcn\u00fcpl\u00fck \u00e2det hal\u0131 ve lo\u011fusal\u0131k hali) demektir. Namaz k\u0131lacak ki\u015finin, c\u00fcn\u00fcp ise veya adet hah ve lo\u011fusal\u0131k hali sona ermi\u015fse boy abdesti (gus\u00fcl) almadan, bu durumlardan biri s\u00f6z konusu de\u011filse abdest almadan namaz k\u0131lmas\u0131 necerli olmaz. Boy abdesti veya abdest alacak su bulamayan veya bul\u00addu\u011fu halde kullanma imk\u00e2n\u0131 olmayan ki\u015fi teyemm\u00fcm eder.<\/p>\n

<\/span>2- Necasetten Taharet<\/span><\/h3>\n

Namaz k\u0131lacak ki\u015finin bedeni, elbisesi ve namaz k\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 yer temiz olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu sebeple de beden, elbise ve namaz k\u0131l\u0131nacak yerde dinen pis say\u0131\u00adlan ve namaz\u0131n s\u0131hhatini engelleyecek miktara ula\u015fan necis (dinen pis say\u0131lan) maddelerin bulunmamas\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n temizlenmesi gerekir. Bir kimse, bilmeyerek namaz\u0131n s\u0131hhatini engelleyen bir miktara ula\u015fan ne\u00adcaset bula\u015fm\u0131\u015f bir elbise ile k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 namaz\u0131 elbisesini temizledikten son\u00adra yeniden k\u0131lar. Hanef\u00ee mezhebinde benimsenen g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re namaz k\u0131l\u0131nacak yerin temizli\u011fi ile ilgili asgar\u00ee \u015fart, ayaklar\u0131n, ellerin, dizlerin ve aln\u0131n konaca\u011f\u0131 yerlerin temiz olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00dczerinde necaset bulunan hal\u0131, kilim gibi bir serginin temiz kalan k\u0131sm\u0131nda k\u0131l\u0131nan namaz ge\u00e7erlidir. Necaset bulunan bir yerin \u00fczerine, necasetle irtibat\u0131 kesecek ve koku\u00adsunu d\u0131\u015far\u0131 vermeyecek \u015fekilde temiz bir sergi serilirse veya temiz top\u00adrak d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcrse bunun \u00fczerinde namaz (al\u0131nabilir.<\/p>\n

<\/span>3- Setr-i Avret<\/span><\/h3>\n

Setr<\/strong>\u00a0kelimesi \u00f6rtmek,\u00a0avret<\/strong>\u00a0kelimesi ise \u00f6rt\u00fclmesi gereken yer de\u00admektir. Din\u00ee terim olarak, \u00f6rt\u00fclmesi farz olan, ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n bakmas\u0131 caiz olmayan uzuvlara \u201cavret yeri<\/strong>\u201d denir.<\/p>\n

Kur\u2019\u00e2n-\u0131 Ker\u00eem\u2019de: \u201cEy \u00c2dem o\u011fullar\u0131! Her secde edi\u015finizde g\u00fczel elbiselerinizi giyin<\/strong>\u201d [1088] \u00e2yetiyle namazda g\u00fczel ve temiz elbise\u00adlerin giyilmesi bildirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Peygamberimiz de: \u201cAllah, ergenlik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131ndaki bir k\u0131z\u0131n namaz\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015f kabul etmez<\/strong>\u201d [1089] ve \u201cKad\u0131n bul\u00fb\u011f \u00e7a\u011f\u0131na erince elleri ve y\u00fcz\u00fc d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki yerleri\u00adnin ba\u015fkalar\u0131na g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesi uygun olma<\/strong>z\u201d [1090] buyurmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

F\u0131k\u0131h bilginleri, bu ve benzeri naslara dayanarak namazda avret yerlerinin \u00f6rt\u00fclmesinin farz oldu\u011funu ifade etmi\u015fler ve namazda \u00f6rt\u00fclmesi gereken yerlerle ilgili asgar\u00ee \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcleri belirlemi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Hanef\u00ee mez\u00adhebinde erkeklerin avret yeri say\u0131lan uzuvlar\u0131, g\u00f6bek alt\u0131ndan dizlerin alt\u0131na kadar olan k\u0131s\u0131md\u0131r. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ise, y\u00fcz ile eller hari\u00e7, b\u00fct\u00fcn v\u00fc\u00adcudu avrettir<\/strong>. Kad\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcz\u00fc ve elleri namaz\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda da avret de\u011fildir. Hanef\u00ee mezhebinde kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ayaklar\u0131n\u0131n avret yeri olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tar\u00adt\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re ayaklar, namaz bak\u0131m\u0131ndan avret say\u0131lmasa da namaz d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda avret yeri say\u0131l\u0131r. \u015eafi\u00ee, M\u00e2lik\u00ee ve Hanbel\u00ee mezhepleri\u00adne g\u00f6re, erkekler i\u00e7in avret yeri g\u00f6bek ile dizkapaklar\u0131 aras\u0131, kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in el ve y\u00fcz hari\u00e7, b\u00fct\u00fcn bedendir.<\/p>\n

Hz. Peygamber namaz i\u00e7in \u00f6zel bir elbise edinmemi\u015f ve her hangi bir \u00f6zel bir elbise bi\u00e7imi de \u00f6nermemi\u015fti; hem kendileri hem de sah\u00e2biler namazlar\u0131n\u0131 genel olarak zamanlar\u0131n\u0131n geleneksel tak\u0131m elbi\u00adsesi olarak kabul edilen rid\u00e2 ve iz\u00e2r i\u00e7inde k\u0131l\u0131yorlard\u0131. Rid\u00e2 ihram gibi omuza at\u0131l\u0131r ve bedene sar\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. \u0130z\u00e2r ise pe\u015ftemal gibi bele ba\u011flan\u0131r\u00add\u0131.[1091] Hz. Peygamber Sah\u00e2b\u00eeler\u2019e giydikleri bu geleneksel elbiselerinin namaz esnas\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131p avret mahallerinin g\u00f6z\u00fckerek namazlar\u0131n\u0131n bo\u00adzulmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in rid\u00e2 ve iz\u00e2rlar\u0131n\u0131 usul\u00fcne uygun bir bi\u00e7imde ba\u011flamalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131kl\u0131kla hat\u0131rlat\u0131yordu.[1092]<\/p>\n

Di\u011fer taraftan f\u0131k\u0131h bilginleri de namaz i\u00e7in herhangi bir k\u0131yafet \u015fekli \u00f6nermemekle birlikte namaz k\u0131lmak i\u00e7in giyilen elbisenin v\u00fccudun rengini g\u00f6stermeyecek \u015fekilde olmas\u0131, yani, t\u00fcl ve benzeri gibi \u015feffaf olmamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini ifade etmi\u015flerdir. [1093] Ancak, v\u00fccudun hatlar\u0131n\u0131 (silu\u00adetini) belli eden dar ve bedene yap\u0131\u015f\u0131k elbise ile k\u0131l\u0131nan namaz -mekruh olmakla birlikte- ge\u00e7erlidir. Erke\u011fin, ipek elbise giymesi gibi dinen yasak k\u0131yafet ile k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 namaz, Hanef\u00ee ve \u015eafi\u00ee mezhebine g\u00f6re tahr\u00eemen mekruh (harama yak\u0131n mekruh), M\u00e2lik\u00eeler\u2019e g\u00f6re haram ol\u00admakla birlikte ge\u00e7erlidir. Hanbel\u00ee mezhebine g\u00f6re ise ipek elbise ile k\u0131l\u0131nan namaz ge\u00e7ersizdir.<\/p>\n

Namaz k\u0131larken avret yerinin\/ki\u015finin iradesi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda aniden a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131vermesi halinde, Hanef\u00eeler\u2019e g\u00f6re \u00f6r\u00fclmesi gereken uzvun d\u00f6rtte bir mik\u00adtar\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015fsa ve bir r\u00fck\u00fcn ed\u00e2 edilebilecek kadar s\u00fcre (mesel\u00e2 r\u00fc\u00adk\u00fb veya secdede kal\u0131nacak s\u00fcre) a\u00e7\u0131k kal\u0131rsa namaz bozulur. Kendi ira\u00addesi ile olursa hemen bozulur. \u015eafi\u00ee ve Hanbel\u00eeler\u2019e g\u00f6re, hemen kapa\u00adt\u0131l\u0131rsa namaz\u0131 bozulmaz.<\/p>\n

<\/span>4- \u0130stikb\u00e2l-i K\u0131ble<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u0130stikb\u00e2l-i k\u0131ble, k\u0131bleye y\u00f6nelmek demektir.\u00a0M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n k\u0131blesi Mekke\u2019de Mescid-i Har\u00e2m\u2019\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulunan K\u00e2be-i Muazzama\u2019d\u0131r<\/strong>. K\u0131ble\u00adye y\u00f6nelmek namaz\u0131n \u015fartlar\u0131ndan biridir. K\u0131bleden ba\u015fka tarafa bilerek y\u00f6nelen ki\u015finin namaz\u0131, til\u00e2vet secdesi sahih olmaz. Mekke d\u00f6neminde ve Medine d\u00f6neminin ilk g\u00fcnlerinde m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n k\u0131blesi Kud\u00fcs\u2019teki Mescid-i Aksa (Beyt\u00fcl-makdis) idi. \u015eu mealdeki \u00e2yet ile k\u0131ble Mekke-i M\u00fckerreme\u2019de bulunan K\u00e2be-i Muazzama\u2019ya \u00e7evrildi:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u0130\u015fte \u015fimdi, seni memnun olaca\u011f\u0131n bir k\u0131bleye d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcyoruz. Art\u0131k y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc Mescid-i Haram taraf\u0131na \u00e7evir. (Ey M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar!) Siz de nerede olursan\u0131z olun, (namazda) y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcz\u00fc o tarafa \u00e7eviriniz<\/strong>\u201d.[1094]<\/p>\n

Mescid-i Har\u00e2m\u2019da tek ba\u015f\u0131na namaz k\u0131lan, K\u00e2be-i Muazzama bina\u00ads\u0131n\u0131n her hangi bir cephesine do\u011fru y\u00f6nelerek namaz\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131labilir. Mescid-i Har\u00e2m\u2019da cemaatle namazda ise, imam\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7meyecek \u015fekilde cemaat, K\u00e2be-i Muazzama binas\u0131n\u0131 merkeze alarak, bu yap\u0131 et\u00adraf\u0131nda \u00e7ember halinde saf tutar ve hepsi imamla birlikte namaz k\u0131lar\u00adlar.<\/p>\n

K\u00e2be-i Muazzama binas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6recek bir yerde bulunan kimselerin, bu binan\u0131n bizzat kendine y\u00f6nelerek namaz k\u0131lmalar\u0131 farzd\u0131r. Kabe bi\u00adnas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6remeyecek bir mevkide bulunanlar\u0131n ise, tam\u0131 tam\u0131na Kabe binas\u0131na y\u00f6nelerek namaz k\u0131lmalar\u0131 farz de\u011fildir. Bunlar\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k ve tahmin\u00ee olarak Kabe binas\u0131 taraf\u0131na y\u00f6nelmeleri farzd\u0131r ve namazlar\u0131n\u0131n sahih olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bu yeterlidir.<\/p>\n

K\u0131blenin hangi tarafta bulundu\u011funda teredd\u00fcde d\u00fc\u015fen kimse, ya\u00adn\u0131nda k\u0131bleyi bilen birisi bulunmazsa, \u00e7evre \u015fartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 yap\u0131p kanaat getirdi\u011fi tarafa y\u00f6nelerek namaz\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131lar. K\u0131bleyi ara\u015ft\u0131r\u00adman\u0131n farz oldu\u011fu \u015fu delile dayan\u0131r: \u00c2mir b. Rab\u00eea (r.a.) \u015f\u00f6yle der:<\/p>\n

\u201cKaranl\u0131k bir gecede Res\u00fblullah ile birlikte idik. K\u0131blenin hangi y\u00f6n\u00adde oldu\u011funu tesbit edemedik. Her birimiz bir y\u00f6ne do\u011fru namaz\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 k\u0131ld\u0131k. Sabah olunca durumu Hz. Peygamber\u2019e haber verdik. Bunun \u00fczerine \u015fu mealdeki \u00e2yet nazil oldu:\u00a0\u201cDo\u011fu da bat\u0131 da Allah\u2019\u0131nd\u0131r. Onun i\u00e7in nereye d\u00f6nerseniz, Allah\u2019\u0131n y\u00fcz\u00fc (k\u0131blesi) oradad\u0131r<\/strong>\u201d.[1095]<\/p>\n

Hanef\u00eeler\u2019e g\u00f6re, k\u0131ble hususunda gerekli ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 yap\u0131p k\u0131ble oldu\u011funa kanaat getirdi\u011fi tarafa do\u011fru namaz k\u0131lan ki\u015fi, sonradan ya\u00adn\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlasa bile art\u0131k o namaz\u0131 yeniden k\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmez. Fakat namaz k\u0131larken k\u0131blenin yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu \u00f6\u011frenen ki\u015fi k\u0131bleye d\u00f6nerek namaz\u0131n\u0131 tamamlar. \u015e\u00e2fi\u00eeler\u2019e g\u00f6re ise, k\u0131ble y\u00f6n\u00fc konusunda yan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenen ki\u015fi, namaz\u0131 yeniden k\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Eskiden bir cami, g\u00fcne\u015fin hareketleri takip edilerek k\u0131blesi tesbit edilip ona g\u00f6re in\u015fa edilmekteydi. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde baz\u0131 takvimlerde her b\u00f6lge (il ve il\u00e7eler) i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 \u201ck\u0131ble saati<\/strong>\u201d diye bir kay\u0131t bulunmak\u00adtad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015fte tam o saatte, d\u00fcz bir yerde doksan derece ile dik duran bir \u00e7ubu\u011fun g\u00f6lgesinin g\u00fcne\u015fe olan uzant\u0131s\u0131 (y\u00f6n\u00fc) k\u0131bleyi g\u00f6stermektedir veya tam o saatte ayakta iken y\u00fcz\u00fc g\u00fcne\u015fe do\u011fru olan ki\u015fi k\u0131bleye d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f demektir.<\/p>\n

Bir kimse hasta oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in veya hasta olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde bir d\u00fc\u015fman, y\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 hayvan korkusu sebebiyle k\u0131ble y\u00f6n\u00fcne d\u00f6nemedi\u011f\u0130 takdirde, g\u00fcc\u00fc yetti\u011fi tarafa do\u011fru y\u00f6nelerek namaz\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131lar. Yine, yerin \u00e7amur olmas\u0131 sebebiyle bine\u011fi \u00fczerinde namaz k\u0131lmak mecburiyetinde kalan bir yolcu, bine\u011fini durdurup k\u0131bleye d\u00f6nerek namaz\u0131n\u0131 \u00eem\u00e2 (i\u015faretle) ile k\u0131lar. B\u00f6yle bir yolcu i\u00e7in arkada\u015flar\u0131ndan ayr\u0131lma korkusu veya bir d\u00fc\u015fman korkusu s\u00f6z konusu ise, bu takdirde g\u00fcc\u00fc yetti\u011fi tarafa do\u011fru y\u00f6nelerek namaz\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131lar. Zira Allah hi\u00e7 kimseye g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn yetmeyece\u011fi bir \u015fey y\u00fcklememi\u015f [1096] ve ayr\u0131ca: \u201c(E\u011fer bir \u015feyden) korkarsan\u0131z (namazlar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131) y\u00fcr\u00fcyerek yahut binmi\u015f olarak (k\u0131l\u0131n). G\u00fcvene ka\u00advu\u015ftu\u011funuz zaman, siz bilmezken Allah\u2019\u0131n size \u00f6\u011fretti\u011fi \u015fekilde) O\u2019nu an\u0131n (namaz k\u0131l\u0131n)\u201d [1097] buyurmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Gemi ile yolculuk yapan ki\u015fi, g\u00fcc\u00fc yeterse k\u0131bleye d\u00f6nerek nama\u00adz\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131lar, geminin y\u00f6n\u00fc de\u011fi\u015ftik\u00e7e y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc k\u0131bleye \u00e7evirerek namaz\u0131n\u0131 tamamlar. Ancak, geminin hareketlerini izleme imk\u00e2n\u0131na sahip olmayan bir ki\u015fi, namaza ba\u015flarken k\u0131ble olarak belirledi\u011fi y\u00f6ne do\u011fru namaz\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131l\u0131p tamamlar. Hareket halindeki u\u00e7ak, otob\u00fcs gibi umum\u00ee vas\u0131talar da gemi gibidir. \u00d6zel vas\u0131talarda yolculuk yapan ki\u015finin, arac\u0131n\u0131 hareket ettirmesi ve onu durdurmas\u0131 kendi elindedir. Bu sebeple namaz vakti gelince arac\u0131n\u0131 uygun bir yerde durdurur ve orada k\u0131bleye d\u00f6nerek namaz\u0131n\u0131 ayakta k\u0131lar. Ancak g\u00fcvenli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in yolda arabas\u0131n\u0131 dur\u00adduramayan veya durdu\u011fu halde yerin \u00e7amur, \u0131slak olmas\u0131 sebebiyle yerde namaz k\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayan bir yolcu, umum\u00ee vas\u0131tada yol\u00adculuk yapan bir yolcu gibi namaz\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n namaz k\u0131larken, yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn en eski ve en kutsal mabedi olan Kabe\u2019ye y\u00f6nelmeleri, aralar\u0131ndaki birli\u011fi canland\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n, nizam ve intizamlar\u0131n\u0131 korumalar\u0131n\u0131n, g\u00f6n\u00fcllerini ortak bir ib\u00e2detin il\u00e2h\u00ee ne\u015fesiyle ve nuruyla ayd\u0131nlatmalar\u0131n\u0131n bir ifadesidir.<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

<\/span>5- Vakit<\/span><\/h3>\n

Farz namazlar, bu namazlar\u0131n s\u00fcnnetleri, vitir namaz\u0131, teravih na\u00admaz\u0131 ve bayram namazlar\u0131 i\u00e7in vaktin girmi\u015f olmas\u0131 \u015fartt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Farz namaz\u00adlar:<\/strong>\u00a0sabah, \u00f6\u011fle, ikindi, ak\u015fam ve yats\u0131 namazlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Cuma namaz\u0131 da farz olarak \u00f6\u011fle namaz\u0131 yerine ge\u00e7er. Belirli bir \u015farta ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f nezir namaz\u0131 da, bu \u015fart hen\u00fcz ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmeden k\u0131l\u0131n\u0131rsa adak vecibesi yerine gelmez. Vakte ba\u011fl\u0131 bir namaz, vakit daha girmeden k\u0131l\u0131n\u0131nca muteber olmaz, yeniden k\u0131l\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekir.\u00a0Bir namaz i\u00e7in belirlenmi\u015f vakitten sonra k\u0131l\u0131nan namaz da \u201ced\u00e2\u201d olmay\u0131p \u201ckaza\u201d olur.<\/strong>\u00a0Cuma, bayram ve s\u00fcnnet namazlar\u0131, vakitleri \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nca art\u0131k kaza edilmez.<\/p>\n

<\/span>6- Niyet<\/span><\/h3>\n

Namazlarda niyet \u015fartt\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Niyet, kalbin bir \u015feye karar vermesi, bir i\u015fin ve fiilin ne i\u00e7in yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u015fuuruna vararak onu bilmesi demektir. Namaz hususunda niyet, s\u0131rf Allah r\u0131zas\u0131 i\u00e7in namaz k\u0131lmay\u0131 istemeyi ve hangi namaz\u0131 k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bilincine varmay\u0131 ifade eder.<\/p>\n

Amellerin k\u0131ymet\u00adleri, sevaplar\u0131 niyetlere g\u00f6redir. \u0130nsan\u0131n niyeti i\u00e7ten olmal\u0131, ib\u00e2detini \u015fuurlu bir halde yapmal\u0131, i\u015flerini Allah\u2019\u0131n r\u0131zas\u0131n\u0131 kazanmak maksad\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmelidir.<\/p>\n

Niyetin kalp ile yap\u0131lmas\u0131 esast\u0131r. Bununla birlikte kalp ile yap\u0131l\u0131p, \u201c\u015fu vaktin farz veya s\u00fcnnet namaz\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131lmaya niyet ettim\u201d \u015feklinde dil ile s\u00f6ylenmesi daha iyidir. Dil ile bir \u015fey s\u00f6ylenmese, yine de namaz ge\u00e7erli olur. Ki\u015finin kalbinden ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi ile dilinden s\u00f6yledi\u011fi birbirine uymuyorsa, dil ile s\u00f6ylenen ge\u00e7ersizdir.<\/p>\n

Farz namazlarda, vitir, bayram ve adak gibi vacip namazlarda, han\u00adgi farz\u0131n veya vacibin k\u0131l\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirlemek \u015fartt\u0131r. Mesel\u00e2: \u201cBug\u00fcnk\u00fc sabah namaz\u0131n\u0131n farz\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131lmaya niyet ettim. Vitir namaz\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131lmaya niyet ettim. Cuma namaz\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131lmaya niyet ettim. Bayram namaz\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131l\u00admaya niyet ettim\u201d gibi. Genel anlamda \u201cfarz namaz\u0131 k\u0131lmaya niyet et\u00adtim, v\u00e2cib namaz\u0131 k\u0131lmaya niyet ettim\u201d \u015feklinde bir niyet yeterli de\u011fil\u00addir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc namaz k\u0131lan taraf\u0131ndan hangi vakit namaz\u0131na ait farz\u0131n veya vacibin k\u0131l\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 belirlenmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Ancak vakit i\u00e7inde, mesel\u00e2 \u201csabah namaz\u0131n\u0131n farz\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131lmaya niyet ettim\u201d yerine \u201cvaktin farz\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131lmaya niyet ettim\u201d denilmesi yeterlidir. Kaza namaz\u0131 k\u0131larken de hem vaktin hem de g\u00fcn\u00fcn belirlenmesi (tayin) gerekir. Mesel\u00e2 \u201c vaktine yeti\u015fip de k\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131m ilk sabah\/ilk \u00f6\u011fle\/ilk ikindi\/ilk ak\u015fam\/ilk yats\u0131 namaz\u0131n\u0131 kaza etmeye niyet ettim veya \u201cvaktine yeti\u015fip de k\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131m son sa\u00adbah\/son \u00f6\u011fle\/son ikindi\/son ak\u015fam\/son yats\u0131 namaz\u0131n\u0131 kaza etmeye niyet ettim\u201d gibi. B\u00f6ylece hangi namaz\u0131 kaza etti\u011fi bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde belirli hale gelmi\u015f olur. Cemaat halinde k\u0131l\u0131nan namazlar da ayr\u0131ca imama uyuldu\u011funa dair niyet edilmesi gerekir. Mesel\u00e2: \u201cBug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00f6\u011fle nama\u00adz\u0131n\u0131n farz\u0131n\u0131; haz\u0131r olan bu imama uyarak k\u0131lmaya niyet ettim\u201d denilir. Sadece erkeklerden meydana gelen bir cemaate imam olarak namaz k\u0131ld\u0131ran ki\u015finin ayr\u0131ca imamete niyet etmesi gerekmez. Ancak, cemaat aras\u0131nda kad\u0131nlar bulunuyorsa, bu takdirde imam\u0131n \u201cAllah r\u0131zas\u0131 i\u00e7in namaz k\u0131lmaya ve bana uyan cemaate imam olmaya niyet ettim\u201d \u015feklinde imaml\u0131k yapmaya da niyet etmesi \u015fartt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

S\u00fcnnet namazlarda, \u201cBug\u00fcnk\u00fc sabah namaz\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcnnetini k\u0131lmaya niyet ettim. \u00d6\u011fle namaz\u0131n\u0131n ilk s\u00fcnnetini k\u0131lmaya niyet ettim. Teravih namaz\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131lmaya niyet ettim\u201d \u015fekillerinde niyet edilir.<\/p>\n

Niyetin iftitah (ba\u015flama) tekbirinden hemen \u00f6nce yap\u0131lmas\u0131 daha iyidir, ancak niyet ile tekbir aras\u0131nda, namaz d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir davran\u0131\u015f, fiil veya i\u015f bulunmamas\u0131 kayd\u0131yla biraz fas\u0131la bulunmas\u0131 zarar vermez. Tekbirden sonra yap\u0131lacak bir niyet ile namaz sahih olamaz. Tercih edilen g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f budur. Ancak, bir ba\u015fka g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re ise, S\u00fcbh\u00e2neke\u2019den veya \u201ce\u00fbz\u00fc besmele\u201dden \u00f6nce yap\u0131lacak bir niyet ile de namaz ge\u00e7erli olur. Bura\u00addaki niyetten maksat, ki\u015finin, k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 namaz\u0131n nevini mesel\u00e2, \u00f6\u011flenin s\u00fcnneti veya farz\u0131 veyahut vitir veya teravih namaz\u0131 oldu\u011funu kalbinde belirlemesidir (tayin).<\/p>\n

<\/span>Namaz\u0131n R\u00fck\u00fcnleri nelerdir?<\/span><\/h2>\n

<\/span>1- \u0130ftitah Tekbiri<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u0130ftitah (ba\u015flama) tekbiri namaza ba\u015flarken ai\u0131nan tekbirdir.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu, ki\u015fi\u00adnin kendi i\u015fitebilece\u011fi bir sesle \u201cAllah\u00fcekber\u201d demesini ifade eder ki, \u201cAllah en b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr\u201d anlam\u0131na gelir. Bu tekbire, \u201ctahr\u00eeme\u201d de denir. Zira bu tekbirle namaza girilmi\u015f, namazla ba\u011fda\u015fmayacak fiiller haram k\u0131\u00adl\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve d\u0131\u015f \u00e2lemle ilgi kesilmi\u015f olur. \u0130ftitah tekbiri, Eb\u00fb Han\u00eefe ve Eb\u00fb Y\u00fbsuf\u2019a g\u00f6re \u015fartt\u0131r. \u0130mam Muhammed ile di\u011fer \u00fc\u00e7 mezhebe g\u00f6re ise namaz\u0131n bir r\u00fckn\u00fcn\u00fc te\u015fkil eder.<\/p>\n

\u201cAllah\u00fc\u2019l-keb\u00eer\u201d, \u201cAllah keb\u00eer\u201d gibi Allah\u2019\u0131 y\u00fcceltme, ululama anlam\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan ba\u015fka s\u00f6zlerle bu farz yerine getirilmi\u015f olursa da, \u201cesta\u011ffirullah\u201d (Allah\u2019tan ba\u011f\u0131\u015flanmam\u0131 istiyorum) veya \u201cbismillah\u201d (Allah\u2019\u0131n ad\u0131yla ba\u015f\u00adl\u0131yorum) gibi dua ifadeleri ile bu farz yerine getirilmi\u015f say\u0131lmaz. Tekbir c\u00fcmlesinde, \u201cAllah\u201d kelimesinin ilk harfini \u201cAllah\u201d \u015feklinde \u201celifi uzata\u00adrak, yine \u201cekber\u201d kelimesinin \u201cbe\u201d harfini \u201cekb\u00e2r\u201d \u015feklinde uzatarak okumamaya dikkat edilmelidir. Bu \u015fekilde okuyunca m\u00e2na bozulur, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu farz yerine getirilmemi\u015f yani namaz k\u0131l\u0131nmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ayakta duramayan ki\u015fi oturarak tekbir al\u0131r. Tekbir, g\u00fcc\u00fc yetenler i\u00e7in Arap\u00e7a\u2019d\u0131r. Ba\u015fka dilde olamaz. Dilsiz veya tekbir getirmekten \u00e2ciz olan kimseden tekbir vec\u00eebesi d\u00fc\u015fer. Arkas\u0131ndaki cemaate duyurabilmesi i\u00e7in imam\u0131n tekbiri a\u00e7\u0131ktan almas\u0131 m\u00fcstehapt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Namaz\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda imama uyan ki\u015fi, tekbirini imamdan sonra al\u0131r. \u0130mama r\u00fck\u00fb, secde veya oturma esnas\u0131nda uyan ki\u015finin, iftitah tekbirinin tamam\u0131n\u0131 ayakta almas\u0131 \u015fartt\u0131r. Bu sebeple, imam r\u00fck\u00fbda iken imama uyan ki\u015fi \u201cAllah\u201d lafz\u0131n\u0131 ayakta \u201cekber\u201d lafz\u0131n\u0131 r\u00fck\u00fbda iken s\u00f6ylese imama uymu\u015f olmaz. Yeniden do\u011frulup tekbir almas\u0131 gerekir. Bu arada r\u00fck\u00fbu ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131rsa, birinci rekat\u0131 kaza eder.<\/p>\n

<\/span>2- K\u0131yam (Ayakta Durmak)<\/span><\/h3>\n

Namaz\u0131n bir r\u00fckn\u00fc olarak \u201ck\u0131yam\u201d, iftitah tekbiri ve her rekatta Kur\u2019an\u2019dan okunmas\u0131 gereken \u00e2yet veya k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck s\u00fbreler boyunca ayakta durmay\u0131 ifade eder. K\u0131yam, namaz\u0131n bir r\u00fckn\u00fc oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, ayakta durmaya g\u00fcc\u00fc yeten bir ki\u015finin farz veya vacip bir namaz\u0131 oturarak k\u0131lmas\u0131 ge\u00e7erli say\u0131lmaz. Namazda ayakta durman\u0131n farz oldu\u011funa dair bir\u00e7ok \u00e2yet ve hadis bulunmaktad\u0131r. Allah Te\u00e2l\u00e2 Kur\u2019\u00e2n\u2019\u0131 Ker\u00eem\u2019de:<\/p>\n

\u201cAllah\u2019a itaat ederek ayakta durun\u201d [1098] buyurur. Sah\u00e2b\u00eelerden \u0130mr\u00e2n b. Husayn \u015fu mealdeki hadisi rivayet etmi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n

\u201cBende basur hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131. Hz. Peygamber\u2019e namaz\u0131 nas\u0131l k\u0131laca\u00ad\u011f\u0131m\u0131 sordum. \u2018Ayakta k\u0131l, g\u00fcc\u00fcn yetmezse oturarak, ona da g\u00fcc\u00fcn yetmezse yaslanarak k\u0131l\u2019 buyurdu.\u201d<\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 hadis kitaplar\u0131nda, bu hadis \u015fu il\u00e2ve ile nakledilmi\u015ft\u0131r: \u201cE\u011fer g\u00fcc\u00fcn yetmezse s\u0131rt \u00fcst\u00fc k\u0131l. Allah kimseye g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn yetece\u011finden fazlas\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcklemez.\u201d [1099] Bu duruma g\u00f6re hasta, ayakta namaz k\u0131lmaya g\u00fc\u00e7 yetiremez veya aya\u011fa kalk\u0131nca hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131ndan veya uzamas\u0131ndan yahut da \u015fiddetli a\u011fr\u0131 duymas\u0131ndan korkarsa, namaz\u0131 oturdu\u011fu yerde k\u0131lar, g\u00fcc\u00fc yeterse r\u00fck\u00fb ve secdeye var\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019\u0131n genel kurallar\u0131na g\u00f6re, zorluk ve ihtiya\u00e7 kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131 celbeder ve zaruretler kendi miktarlar\u0131nca takdir olunur.[1100]<\/p>\n

Hareket halindeki gemi, u\u00e7ak, otob\u00fcs gibi umum\u00ee vas\u0131tada namaz vaktini kapsayacak kadar bir s\u00fcre yolculuk yapan ki\u015fi, bir \u00f6zr\u00fc bulun\u00addu\u011fundan farz ve vacip namazlar\u0131 bu ara\u00e7larda k\u0131labilir. Ayakta m\u00fcm\u00adk\u00fcn olmazsa, oturarak veya oturdu\u011fu koltukta namaz\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131lar, r\u00fck\u00fb ve secdelerini \u00eem\u00e2 ile (i\u015faretle) yapar. Ancak secde i\u00e7in r\u00fck\u00fbdan daha faz\u00adla e\u011filir. \u00d6zel vas\u0131tada yolculuk yapan ki\u015fi, namaz vakitlerinde arac\u0131n\u0131 durdurup iner ve elveri\u015fli bir yerde namaz\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131lar. Ancak yol g\u00fcvenli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in yol kenar\u0131nda duramaz veya durdu\u011fu halde yerin \u00e7amur, \u0131slak olmas\u0131 sebebiyle yerde namaz k\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmazsa, o takdir\u00adde vas\u0131tada namaz\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

S\u00fcnnet ve nafile namazlar\u0131, ayakta k\u0131lmak daha faziletli olmakla bir\u00adlikte, bir \u00f6z\u00fcr bulunmamas\u0131 halinde de oturarak k\u0131l\u0131nabilir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc nafile namazlar kolayl\u0131k ve geni\u015flik esas\u0131na dayan\u0131r. Bununla birlikte Eb\u00fb Han\u00eefe\u2019ye g\u00f6re, sabah namaz\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcnneti oturarak k\u0131l\u0131namaz. Teravih na\u00admaz\u0131n\u0131 bir \u00f6z\u00fcr bulunmad\u0131k\u00e7a oturarak k\u0131lmak da mekruhtur.<\/p>\n

<\/span>3- K\u0131raat<\/span><\/h3>\n

K\u0131raat, s\u00f6zl\u00fckte okumak demektir. F\u0131k\u0131hta ise, namaz k\u0131lan ki\u015finin, Kur\u2019an\u2019\u0131n \u00e2yetlerinden bir miktar\u0131n\u0131 okumas\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder. K\u0131raat nama\u00adz\u0131n bir r\u00fckn\u00fc olup farzd\u0131r. Tek ba\u015f\u0131na k\u0131lan ki\u015fi, bir miktar Kur\u2019an \u00e2ye\u00adtini ayakta iken kendi i\u015fitece\u011fi \u015fekilde ve fakat harflerini belirterek, imam ise, k\u0131raatin a\u00e7\u0131ktan okundu\u011fu (cehr\u00ee) namazlarda yak\u0131n\u0131nda bu\u00adlunanlar\u0131n i\u015fitece\u011fi bir ses tonuyla okur.<\/p>\n

K\u0131raatin farz oldu\u011funun delili \u00e2yet ve hadislerdir; Kur\u2019\u00e2n-\u0131 Ker\u00eem\u2019de: \u201cKur\u2019an\u2019dan kolay\u0131n\u0131za geleni okuyun\u201d [1101] buyrulmu\u015f, Pey\u00adgamberimiz ise \u015f\u00f6yle buyurmu\u015ftur:<\/p>\n

\u201cK\u0131raatsiz yani Kur\u2019an okumadan bir namaz ge\u00e7erli olmaz\u201d.[1102]<\/p>\n

Hanef\u00eeler\u2019e g\u00f6re, nafile namazlar ile vitir ve iki rekatl\u0131 namazlar\u0131n her rekat\u0131nda k\u0131raat farzd\u0131r. D\u00f6rt veya \u00fc\u00e7 rekatl\u0131 farz namazlar\u0131n ise, iki rekat\u0131nda farzd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Namazda farz olan k\u0131raat (Kur\u2019an okuma) miktar\u0131na gelince, bu miktar Eb\u00fb Han\u00eefe\u2019ye g\u00f6re k\u0131raatin farz oldu\u011fu rekatlarda k\u0131sa da olsa bir \u00e2yettir. Eb\u00fb Y\u00fbsuf, \u0130mam Muhammed ve Eb\u00fb Han\u00eefe\u2019den ba\u015fka bir rivayete g\u00f6re, bu miktar k\u0131sa \u00fc\u00e7 \u00e2yet veya \u00fc\u00e7 \u00e2yet miktar\u0131 uzun bir \u00e2yettir. \u0130htiyata uygun olan da budur. Eb\u00fb Han\u00eefe\u2019ye g\u00f6re, bir \u00e2yetten ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131 okumaya g\u00fcc\u00fc yetmeyen ki\u015fi, bu \u00e2yeti her rekatta bir kere okur. Eb\u00fb Y\u00fbsuf ve \u0130mam Muhammed\u2019e g\u00f6re, bu \u00e2yeti her rekatta \u00fc\u00e7 kere tekrar eder.<\/p>\n

Hanef\u00eeler\u2019e g\u00f6re namazda Fatiha s\u00fbresinin okunmas\u0131 vaciptir.<\/strong>\u00a0F\u00e2tiha\u2019n\u0131n terk edilmesi mekruh olmakla birlikte, onun yerine ba\u015fka \u00e2yetler okunmas\u0131 halinde namaz ge\u00e7erli olur.<\/strong>\u00a0Hz. Peygamberin: \u201cF\u00e2tiha\u2019y\u0131 okumayan\u0131n namaz\u0131 (ge\u00e7erli) olmaz\u201d[1103] hadisi, Hanef\u00eeler\u2019ce \u201cF\u00e2tiha\u2019s\u0131z namaz\u0131n fazileti yoktur\u201d anlam\u0131nda yorumlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u015eafi\u00ee, Hanbel\u00ee ve M\u00e2liki mezheplerinde k\u0131raatin en az\u0131 her rekatta Fatiha s\u00fbresinin okunmas\u0131d\u0131r.[1104] \u0130lk iki rekatta F\u00e2tiha\u2019dan sonra zamnv\u0131 s\u00fbre okunmas\u0131 s\u00fcnnettir. Bu \u00fc\u00e7 mezhep, yukar\u0131da meali verilen hadisi ve ba\u015fka hadisleri delil g\u00f6stererek namazda F\u00e2tiha\u2019n\u0131n okunmas\u0131n\u0131n farz oldu\u011funu ve Fatiha okunmadan k\u0131l\u0131nan bir namaz\u0131n ge\u00e7ersiz oldu\u011funu ifade etmi\u015flerdir. \u015eafi\u00ee mezhebine g\u00f6re, \u201cBesmele\u201d, Fatiha s\u00fbresinden bir \u00e2yet oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, onun da okunmas\u0131 farzd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130mama uyan cemaatin Kur\u2019an okumas\u0131 gerekmez. Kur\u2019\u00e2n-\u0131 Ker\u00eem\u2019de: \u201cKur\u2019an okundu\u011funda onu dinleyin ve susun ki merhamet olunas\u0131n\u0131z\u201d [1105] buyrulur. Bu \u00e2yet, namazda dinlemeyi ve susmay\u0131 emret\u00admektedir. Dinlemek a\u00e7\u0131ktan k\u0131raat yap\u0131lan namazlara mahsustur. Susmak ise hem hafiyyen (gizli), hem de a\u00e7\u0131ktan (cehr\u00ee) k\u0131raat yap\u0131lan namazla\u00adr\u0131 \u0130\u00e7ine al\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden namazda imama uyan kimsenin sesli namazlar\u00adda da, sessiz namazlarda da susmas\u0131 vaciptir.<\/p>\n

Bu konuda ba\u015fka bir delil de: \u201cBir kimse imam\u0131n arkas\u0131nda namaz k\u0131larsa, imam\u0131n okuyu\u015fu onun da okuyu\u015fudur\u201d [1106] mea\u00adlindeki hadistir.<\/p>\n

Di\u011fer \u00fc\u00e7 mezhepte ise k\u0131raat, imam ve yaln\u0131z ba\u015f\u0131na k\u0131lan i\u00e7in farz oldu\u011fu gibi sessiz (haf\u00ee, s\u0131rr\u0131) namazlarda imama uyan i\u00e7in de farzd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sesli (cehr\u00ee) namazlarda da, \u015eafi\u00ee mezhebine g\u00f6re, imama uyan ki\u015finin F\u00e2tiha\u2019y\u0131 okumas\u0131 farzd\u0131r. M\u00e2lik\u00ee ve Hanbel\u00ee mezheplerinde ise, sesli namazlarda cemaat okumaz, dinler.<\/p>\n

Dilsizlerin namazda okunmas\u0131 gereken Kur\u2019an metinlerini telaffuz etmeleri m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, onlardan k\u0131raat vec\u00eebesi d\u00fc\u015fer. \u0130sl\u00e2m bilginleri, k\u0131raat far\u00eezas\u0131n\u0131n ancak Kur\u2019an\u2019\u0131n as\u0131l metniyle yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ha\u00adlinde yerine getirilmi\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131 hususunda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f birli\u011fi i\u00e7indedirler. \u00c7\u00fcn\u00adk\u00fc Kur\u2019an Arap\u00e7a olarak inmi\u015ftir. \u00d6nceden de geni\u015f\u00e7e a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi k\u0131raatin tek bir lisanla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n birlik ve beraberli\u00ad\u011finin bir g\u00f6stergesidir. Tarih boyunca da uygulama b\u00f6yle olmu\u015ftur. Di\u011fer taraftan k\u0131raatin Arap\u00e7a olarak yap\u0131lmas\u0131, \u00e7ok zor da de\u011fildir. Hatt\u00e2 namaz\u0131n sahih olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak k\u0131raat miktar\u0131 s\u00fbre ve \u00e2yetleri \u00f6\u011frenip ezberlemek Arap\u00e7a dilini bilmeyenler i\u00e7in bile bir g\u00fcnl\u00fck, hat\u00adt\u00e2 bir iki saatlik bir i\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

<\/span>4- R\u00fck\u00fb (E\u011filmek)<\/span><\/h3>\n

R\u00fck\u00fb da namaz\u0131n bir r\u00fckn\u00fc olup farzd\u0131r. K\u0131raat bittikten sonra e\u011fi\u00adlerek r\u00fck\u00fba var\u0131l\u0131r, ba\u015f ile s\u0131rt d\u00fcz tutulur ve eller dizlere kadar var\u0131r ve dize dayan\u0131l\u0131r. Ayakta namaz k\u0131lan kimse i\u00e7in sadece ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 e\u011fmesi yeterli de\u011fildir, s\u0131rt\u0131n\u0131 da e\u011ferek ba\u015f ve s\u0131rt tam bir d\u00fcz sat\u0131h meyda\u00adna getirmelidir. Bu \u015fekil tam bir r\u00fck\u00fbdur. Ancak namaz k\u0131lan, r\u00fck\u00fba vard\u0131\u011f\u0131nda tam bu vaziyette bulunmazsa, bak\u0131l\u0131r, e\u011fer k\u0131yama daha yak\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcrse r\u00fck\u00fbu sahih olmaz, fakat r\u00fck\u00fb vaziyetine daha yak\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcrse sahih olur. S\u0131rt\u0131 kambur olan ki\u015fi, g\u00fcc\u00fc yeterse, normal r\u00fck\u00fba g\u00f6re biraz daha e\u011filir. Oturdu\u011fu halde namaz k\u0131lan kimsenin, r\u00fck\u00fb ederken aln\u0131 dizlerine paralel olacak derecede s\u0131rt\u0131n\u0131 e\u011fmesi yeterlidir.<\/p>\n

R\u00fck\u00fbda yukar\u0131da belirtildi\u011fi \u015fekilde e\u011filip bir s\u00fcre beklemek ve da\u00adha sonra do\u011frulup \u00e7ok k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre k\u0131yam vaziyetinde durmak (kaveme) gerekir. Hanef\u00ee mezhebinde bu s\u00fcrenin en az\u0131 \u201cs\u00fcbh\u00e2ne\u2019ll\u00e2hi\u2019l-az\u00eem\u201d diyecek kadar bir zaman dilimidir. Hanef\u00eelere g\u00f6re bu kadar bir s\u00fcre beklemek ve durmak vacip, Hanef\u00eelerden Eb\u00fb Y\u00fbsuf ve di\u011fer \u00fc\u00e7 mezhebe g\u00f6re farzd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130mama r\u00fck\u00fb halinde yeti\u015fen ki\u015fi, ayakta tekbir al\u0131p, bundan sonra r\u00fck\u00fba var\u0131r. \u0130mama r\u00fck\u00fbda iken yeti\u015fen ki\u015fi, o rekat\u0131 imamla k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130mamdan \u00f6nce r\u00fck\u00fba giden veya r\u00fck\u00fbdan \u00f6nce do\u011frulan ki\u015finin bu r\u00fck\u00fbu yeterli de\u011fildir, yeniden r\u00fck\u00fb yapmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n

<\/span>5- S\u00fcc\u00fbd (Secde)<\/span><\/h3>\n

Secde (yere kapanmak), namaz\u0131n bir r\u00fckn\u00fc olup farzd\u0131r. Namaz k\u0131\u00adlan kimse, r\u00fck\u00fbdan sonra k\u0131yama ge\u00e7er ve hemen arkas\u0131ndan secdeye var\u0131r; aln\u0131 yere de\u011fdi\u011finde r\u00fck\u00fb vaziyetinden daha fazla e\u011filmi\u015f olur ve sadece aln\u0131 ve burnu yere de\u011fecek kadar y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc ve ayr\u0131ca iki aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131n parmaklar\u0131, iki eli ve iki dizini yere koyar. B\u00f6ylece Allah\u2019a tazim\u00adde bulunur. Bu secde, her rekatta birbiri ard\u0131nca iki defa yap\u0131l\u0131r. Bun\u00adlardan birisi kasden terk edilirse namaz bozulur. Ancak yan\u0131larak biri terk edilirse, namaz\u0131n sonunda dahi hat\u0131rlansa secdeye var\u0131l\u0131r, daha sonra oturulur ve \u201cTahiyy\u00e2t\u201d, \u201cSalli-B\u00e2rik\u201d, \u201cRabbena \u00c2tin\u00e2\u201d dualar\u0131 okunduktan sonra sehiv secdesi yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kur\u2019\u00e2n-\u0131 Ker\u00eem\u2019de: \u201cEy iman edenler! R\u00fck\u00fb edin; secdeye kapan\u0131n; Rabbinize ib\u00e2det edin; hay\u0131r i\u015fleyin ki kurtulu\u015fa eresiniz\u201d [1107]; \u201cHaydi Allah\u2019a secde edip O\u2019na kulluk edin\u201d [1108] buyrulur.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00e2yetler g\u00f6steriyor ki, secde, namaz\u0131n en \u00f6nemli bir r\u00fckn\u00fcd\u00fcr. Allah\u2019a g\u00f6sterilen sayg\u0131, itaat ve teslimiyetin en m\u00fckemmel bir \u015feklidir. Yaradan\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcceltmek \u00fczere ihl\u00e2s ve samimiyetle secdeye kapanan kim\u00adse, acizli\u011fini kabul etmi\u015f ve kulluk \u015fuuruna ermi\u015f insan demektir. Sec\u00adde insan\u0131 bedenen al\u00e7altan ve fakat ruhen y\u00fccelten bir davran\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, zira secde an\u0131 insan\u0131 Allah\u2019a en \u00e7ok yakla\u015ft\u0131ran and\u0131r. Nitekim bir hadiste \u015f\u00f6yle buyrulur:<\/p>\n

\u201cKulun Rabbi\u2019ne en yak\u0131n oldu\u011fu hal, secdeye varm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu hal\u00addir. \u015eu halde secdede duay\u0131 (tesbihleri) \u00e7ok\u00e7a yap\u0131n\u201d. [1109]<\/p>\n

Tam ve (m\u00fckemmel bir secde yedi \u00e2za \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan secdedir. Peygamberimiz\u2019den nakledilen bir hadiste, bu azalar\u0131n y\u00fcz (al\u0131n ve bu\u00adrun), iki el, iki diz ve iki ayak (iki aya\u011f\u0131n parmaklar\u0131) oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015f\u00adtir.[1110]<\/p>\n

G\u00fcc\u00fc yetmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in oturarak namaz\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131l\u0131p, bedelsel \u00f6zr\u00fcnden do\u00adlay\u0131 veya vas\u0131ta i\u00e7inde namaz k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 secdeye kapanamayan bir ki\u015finin, secdesi r\u00fck\u00fbundan daha fazla e\u011fik olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Secde edilecek yerin y\u00fcksekli\u011fi, taban seviyesinden on iki parmak\u00adtan (yakla\u015f\u0131k 23 cm.) daha y\u00fcksek olmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Cemaat kalabal\u0131k olunca veya ba\u015fka bir mazeret bulununca dizler \u00fczerine de secde edilebilir. Yine kalabal\u0131k sebebiyle ayn\u0131 namaz\u0131 cemaatle k\u0131lanlar\u0131n birbirlerinin s\u0131rt\u0131na secde etmeleri de caizdir. At\u0131lm\u0131\u015f y\u00fcn, pamuk gibi yumu\u015fak bir \u015fey \u00fczerine secde edildi\u011finde y\u00fcz bunlar\u0131n i\u00e7inde tamamen kayboluyorsa ve al\u0131n ve burun yerin sertli\u011fini hissetmiyorsa secde caiz olmaz.<\/p>\n

Secdede secde denebilecek kadar bir s\u00fcre durmak ve iki secde aras\u0131nda bir s\u00fcre oturmak (celse) gerekir. Hanef\u00ee mezhebinde bu s\u00fcre\u00adnin en az \u201cs\u00fcbh\u00e2ne\u2019ll\u00e2hi\u20191-az\u00eem\u201d diyecek kadar bir zaman olmas\u0131 ge\u00adrekmektedir. Hanef\u00eeler\u2019e g\u00f6re bu kadar bir s\u00fcre beklemek vacip, Hanef\u00eeler\u2019den Eb\u00fb Y\u00fbsuf ve di\u011fer \u00fc\u00e7 mezhebe g\u00f6re farzd\u0131r. Fakat r\u00fck\u00fb ve secdede en az \u00fc\u00e7er kere tesbih (s\u00fcbh\u00e2ne\u2019ll\u00e2hi\u20191-az\u00eem gibi) okumak s\u00fcn\u00adnettir. Namaz\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na k\u0131lan kimse, be\u015f, yedi ve daha \u00e7ok tesbih okuyabilir. Fakat imam olan kimse, cemaatin r\u0131zas\u0131 bulunmad\u0131k\u00e7a, \u00fc\u00e7ten fazla tesbih okumamal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc cemaati usand\u0131rmak ve namazdan ka\u00e7\u0131rmak uygun de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

R\u00fck\u00fbda okunacak tesbih \u015fudur: \u201cS\u00fcbh\u00e2ne rabbiye\u2019l az\u00eem\u201d (Pek b\u00fc\u00ady\u00fck olan Rabbim, Seni kendine yak\u0131\u015fmayan b\u00fct\u00fcn eksikliklerden uzak bilir, tesbih ederim). Secdedeki tesbih de \u015f\u00f6yledir: \u201cS\u00fcbh\u00e2ne rabbiye\u2019l-a\u2019l\u00e2\u201d (Pek y\u00fcce olan Rabbim, Seni kendine yak\u0131\u015fmayan b\u00fct\u00fcn eksiklik\u00adlerden uzak bilir, tesbih ederim).<\/p>\n

<\/span>6- Ka\u2019de-i Ah\u00eere (Son Oturu\u015f)<\/span><\/h3>\n

Namazlar\u0131n sonunda te\u015fehh\u00fcd miktar\u0131 oturmak bir r\u00fck\u00fcn olup farzd\u0131r. Buna \u201cka\u2019de-i ah\u00eere\u201d denir. \u0130ki rekatl\u0131 namazlarda ikincisinden, \u00fc\u00e7 rekatl\u0131 namazlarda \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fcnden, d\u00f6rt rekatl\u0131 namazlarda d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc\u00ads\u00fcnden sonraki oturu\u015flar son oturu\u015f (ka\u2019de-i ah\u00eere) say\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ka\u2019de-i ah\u00eerede oturarak beklenmesi farz olan s\u00fcre Hanef\u00ee mezhe\u00adbine g\u00f6re te\u015fehh\u00fcd miktar\u0131d\u0131r.[1111] Te\u015fehh\u00fcd miktar\u0131 ise tahiyy\u00e2t okuya\u00adcak kadar bir s\u00fcredir. Tahiyy\u00e2t: et-Tahiyy\u00e2t\u00fc lill\u00e2hi ve\u2019s-salev\u00e2t\u00fc ve\u2019t-tayyib\u00e2t. es-Sel\u00e2m\u00fc aleyke eyy\u00fche\u2019n-nebiyy\u00fc ve rahmetu\u2019lllahi ve berak\u00e2tuh\u00fb. es-Sel\u00e2m\u00fc aleyn\u00e2 ve al\u00e2 ib\u00e2d\u2019ill\u00e2hi\u2019s-s\u00e2lih\u00een. E\u015fhed\u00fc en l\u00e2 ilahe ille\u2019ll\u00e2h ve e\u015fhed\u00fc enne Muhammed\u2019en abduhu ve res\u00fbl\u00fch\u00fc. An\u00adlam\u0131: \u201cEn i\u00e7ten, en derin sayg\u0131lar, \u00f6vg\u00fcler ve dualar, beden ve mal ile yap\u0131lan b\u00fct\u00fcn ib\u00e2detler Allah Te\u00e2l\u00e2\u2019ya mahsustur. Ey Peygamber! Sana sel\u00e2m olsun, Allah\u2019\u0131n rahmeti ve bereketi \u00fczerine olsun. (Ey Rabbimiz!) Sel\u00e2m bize ve Allah\u2019\u0131n salih kullar\u0131na olsun. \u015eahitlik ederim (yani bilir, tan\u0131r ve a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131m) ki, Allah\u2019tan ba\u015fka il\u00e2h yoktur ve \u015fahitlik ederim (yani bilir, tan\u0131r ve a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131m) ki, Muhammed, Allah\u2019\u0131n kulu ve resul\u00fc\u00add\u00fcr.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u015eafi\u00ee ve Hanbel\u00ee mezheplerinde farz olan s\u00fcre, te\u015fehh\u00fcd miktar\u0131na il\u00e2veten bir de Hz. Peygamber\u2019e salev\u00e2t getirebilecek (\u201cAllah\u00fcmme sall\u0131 al\u00e2 Muhammed\u201d deyip kesecek) kadar bir zaman dilimidir. [1112]<\/p>\n

M\u00e2lik\u00ee mezhebinde kabul edilen bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re ka\u2019de-i ah\u00eere\u2019de oturulmas\u0131 farz olan, sel\u00e2m vermeye elveri\u015fli bir s\u00fcre oturmakt\u0131r.[1113]<\/p>\n

Hanef\u00eeler\u2019e g\u00f6re, son oturu\u015fta te\u015fehh\u00fcd miktar\u0131 oturman\u0131n farz olu\u00ad\u015fu \u015fu hadise dayan\u0131r:<\/p>\n

\u2018Hz. Peygamber, \u0130bn Mes\u2019ud (r.a)\u2019a te\u015fehh\u00fcd\u00fc \u00f6\u011fretti\u011fi zaman \u015f\u00f6y\u00adle buyurmu\u015ftur:<\/p>\n

\u201cBunu s\u00f6yledi\u011fin ve yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n zaman namaz\u0131n tamam olmu\u015ftur<\/strong>\u201d.[1114]<\/p>\n

Yani te\u015fehh\u00fcd\u00fcn okundu\u011fu veya oturma i\u015finin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman namaz tamamlanm\u0131\u015f demektir. Burada Res\u00fblullah (s.a.s), namaz\u0131n ta\u00admamlanmas\u0131n\u0131 bir fiile ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu fiil de oturma i\u015fidir. Hz. Pey\u00adgamber, tahiyy\u00e2t\u0131 ancak oturdu\u011fu zaman okumu\u015ftur. Bu y\u00fczden nama\u00adz\u0131n ger\u00e7ekten tamam olmas\u0131 oturmaya ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Eb\u00fb Han\u00eefe ve Eb\u00fb Y\u00fbsuf\u2019a g\u00f6re, iki, \u00fc\u00e7 veya d\u00f6rt rekatli farz bir namaz\u0131n sonunda yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131kla oturmaks\u0131z\u0131n aya\u011fa kalk\u0131larak bir rekat daha k\u0131l\u0131n\u0131p secde yap\u0131l\u0131nca bu namazlar nafileye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f olur. Bu durumda, iki ve d\u00f6rt rekatl\u0131 bir namaza birer rekat daha il\u00e2ve edilerek fazlal\u0131k \u00e7ift rekat haline getirilip, sonunda sel\u00e2m verilir. Sa\u011flam g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re, bu durumda sehiv secdesi gerekmez. Bu \u015fekilde nafileye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u00ad\u015fen bu farz namaz\u0131n yeniden k\u0131l\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n

\u0130mam Muhammed\u2019e g\u00f6re ise, namazda son oturu\u015f yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131kla terk edilerek bir rekat daha secdeleriyle il\u00e2ve edilince, bu namaz bozulur. Bu \u015fekilde bozulan bu farz namaz nafileye de d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmez. Ona g\u00f6re de bu namaz\u0131n yeniden k\u0131l\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekir.[1115]<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[1088] el-A\u2019r\u00e2f: 7\/31<\/em><\/p>\n

[1089] Eb\u00fb D\u00e2vud, \u201cSal\u00e2t\u201d, 85; Tirmiz\u00ee, \u201cSal\u00e2t\u201d, 277; \u0130bn M\u00e2ce, \u201cTaha\u00adret\u201d, 132<\/em><\/p>\n

[1090] Eb\u00fb D\u00e2vud, \u201cLib\u00e2s\u201d, 31<\/em><\/p>\n

[1091] Ahmed Naim, Tecr\u00eed-i Sarih, II,234-238<\/em><\/p>\n

[1092] Buh\u00e2r\u00ee, \u201cSal\u00e2t\u201d, 3-9<\/em><\/p>\n

[1093] Serahs\u00ee, Mebs\u00fbt, I, 33-34<\/em><\/p>\n

[1094] el-Bakara: 2\/144<\/em><\/p>\n

[1095] el-Bakara: 2\/115<\/em><\/p>\n

[1096] el-Bakara: 2\/286<\/em><\/p>\n

[1097] el-Bakara: 2\/239<\/em><\/p>\n

[1098] el-Bakara: 2\/238<\/em><\/p>\n

[1099] Buh\u00e2ri, \u201cTaksir\u201d, 19; Eb\u00fb D\u00e2vud, \u201cSal\u00e2t\u201d, 175; Zeyla\u00ee, Nasb\u00fc\u2019-r-r\u00e2ye, 11, 175<\/em><\/p>\n

[1100] K\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00ee, Bed\u00e2yi\u2019, I, 105-107.<\/em><\/p>\n

[1101] el-M\u00fczzemmil: 73\/20<\/em><\/p>\n

[1102] M\u00fcslim, Salat, 42<\/em><\/p>\n

[1103] Tirmiz\u00ee, \u201cMev\u00e2k\u00eet\u201d, 69<\/em><\/p>\n

[1104] \u0130bn R\u00fc\u015fd, Bid\u00e2yet\u00fc\u2019l-m\u00fcctehid, I, 124-125; \u0130bn Kud\u00e2me, Mu\u011fn\u00ee, I, 476; \u015eirb\u00een\u00ee, Mu\u011fni\u2019l-muht\u00e2c, I, 155.<\/em><\/p>\n

[1105] el-A\u2019r\u00e2f: 7\/204<\/em><\/p>\n

[1106] \u0130bn M\u00e2ce, \u201c\u0130kame\u201d, 18<\/em><\/p>\n

[1107] el-H\u00e2c: 22\/77<\/em><\/p>\n

[1108] en-Necm: 53\/62<\/em><\/p>\n

[1109] M\u00fcslim, \u201cSalat: 215<\/em><\/p>\n

[1110] Buhar\u0131, \u201cEzan\u201d, 133-137<\/em><\/p>\n

[1111] Serahs\u00ee, Mebs\u00fbt, I, 27.<\/em><\/p>\n

[1112] \u0130bn Kud\u00e2me, Mu\u011fn\u00ee, I, 540-541; \u015eirb\u00een\u00ee, Mu\u011fni\u2019l-muht\u00e2c, I, 173-175.<\/em><\/p>\n

[1113] \u0130bn R\u00fc\u015fd, Bid\u00e2yet\u00fc\u2019l-m\u00fcctehid, I, 138-140; bk. K\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00ee, Bed\u00e2yi\u2019, 1, 213.<\/em><\/p>\n

[1114] Eb\u00fb D\u00e2vud, \u201cSal\u00e2t\u201d, 178<\/em><\/p>\n

[1115] Serahs\u00ee, Mebs\u00fbt, I, 227; Zeyla\u00ee, Teby\u00een, I, 196.<\/em><\/p>\n

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