{"id":33066,"date":"2025-03-04T18:20:12","date_gmt":"2025-03-04T15:20:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bilgisepeti.net\/?p=1186"},"modified":"2025-03-05T00:28:13","modified_gmt":"2025-03-04T21:28:13","slug":"komur-nedir-nasil-olusur-turleri-ve-ozellikleri-nelerdir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/buradasin.com.tr\/kutuphane\/komur-nedir-nasil-olusur-turleri-ve-ozellikleri-nelerdir\/","title":{"rendered":"K\u00f6m\u00fcr Nedir? Nas\u0131l Olu\u015fur? T\u00fcrleri Ve \u00d6zellikleri Nelerdir?"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/span>K\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn Olu\u015fumu ve K\u00f6m\u00fcr T\u00fcrleri<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

Fosil yak\u0131tlar, mineral yak\u0131tlar olarak da bilinir. 21. y\u00fczy\u0131lda d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131ndaki teknolojik geli\u015fmelerle fosil yak\u0131tlardan elde edilen enerjiye ihtiyac\u0131n daha da artaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

Organik bile\u015fikler, nem \u00e7ekici \u00f6zelli\u011fi olan s\u00fclf\u00fcrik asitin etkisi ile par\u00e7alanarak karbondan olu\u015fan bir at\u0131k verir yani k\u00f6m\u00fcrle\u015fir. Bir\u00e7ok organik bile\u015fik \u0131s\u0131 etkisi ile bozunarak k\u00f6m\u00fcrle\u015fir. Biz de bu \u00fcnitemizde, fosil yak\u0131tlardan k\u00f6m\u00fcr ve petrol\u00fcn olu\u015fumunu ve bile\u015fenlerini \u00f6\u011frenece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6m\u00fcr \u00a0yanabilen bir t\u00fcr organik kayad\u0131r. K\u00f6m\u00fcr as\u0131l bile\u015feni karbon yan\u0131nda hidrojen, oksijen, k\u00fck\u00fcrt ve azot elementlerini de i\u00e7erir. K\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn yap\u0131s\u0131nda kil ve kum gibi anorganik maddeler de bulunabilir.<\/p>\n

Fosil yak\u0131tlardan k\u00f6m\u00fcr K\u00f6m\u00fcr, kaya tabakalar\u0131n\u0131n aras\u0131nda milyonlarca y\u0131l \u0131s\u0131, bas\u0131n\u00e7 ve mikrobiyolojik etkilerin sonucunda meydana gelmi\u015ftir. K\u00f6m\u00fcr topra\u011f\u0131n derin k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda kilometrelerce geni\u015flikteki d\u00fcz tabakalar halinde bulunur.<\/p>\n

Milyonlarca y\u0131l s\u00fcren k\u00f6m\u00fcr olu\u015fumu hangi s\u00fcre\u00e7lerden ge\u00e7mi\u015f, nas\u0131l olu\u015fmu\u015ftur, hi\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcn\u00fcz m\u00fc? K\u00f6m\u00fcr, milyonlarca\u00a0y\u0131l \u00f6nce rutubetli ve s\u0131cak iklimlerde, batakl\u0131k ortamlarda yeti\u015fen eski a\u011fa\u00e7 ve bitkilerin kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Batakl\u0131klarda yeti\u015fen \u00e7al\u0131l\u0131k ve e\u011frelti otlar\u0131 gibi dev yap\u0131l\u0131 bitkiler zamanla \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f ve batakl\u0131klarda g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu dev yap\u0131l\u0131 bitkiler yani a\u011fa\u00e7lar \u00a0uygun \u015fartlar\u0131n sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda bozunmu\u015f yani par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015f ve batakl\u0131k suyu ile bir jel h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir. Burada bahsedilen uygun ko\u015fullar nemli ve s\u0131cak iklim, batakl\u0131k suyunun pH\u2019 sinin 4-5 civar\u0131nda bulunmas\u0131, batakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n zaman i\u00e7erisinde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 do\u011fru \u00e7\u00f6kelmesi, batakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n zamana ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak \u00e7amur ve kumla kaplanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Olu\u015fan bu yap\u0131 baz\u0131 kimyasal reaksiyonlar sonucunda hem fiziksel hem de kimyasal de\u011fi\u015fimlerle sertle\u015fip k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Bitkiler uygun batakl\u0131k ortam\u0131nda birikir, \u00e7\u00f6kelir ve sonunda jeolojik olu\u015fumlarla birlikte yer alt\u0131na g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fcr. Yerin alt\u0131nda olu\u015fan bu organik k\u00fctleler g\u00f6m\u00fclmenin etkisi ile olu\u015fan bas\u0131n\u00e7 \u015fartlar\u0131ndan ve ortam\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan etkilenir. Bu olu\u015fan organik k\u00fctlenin b\u00fcnyesinde zamanla fiziksel ve kimyasal de\u011fi\u015fim meydana gelir.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn atalar\u0131 olarak bilinen ve turba diye adland\u0131r\u0131lan bu organik maddeler zamanla daha koyu renklere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcp daha sert bir yap\u0131ya sahip olur. S\u0131cakl\u0131k ve bas\u0131n\u00e7 \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n bu k\u00fctlelere etkimesi sonucu su ve su buhar\u2019, karbondioksit, oksijen ve ileri a\u015famalarda hidrojen ortamdan uzakla\u015f\u0131r. Tabi ki bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te uygun \u015fartlar ve ortam\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131k \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n binlerce y\u0131l bask\u0131n olmas\u0131 ve artmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

Volkanik faaliyetler, depremler sonucu olu\u015fan fay hareketleri, radyoaktif elementlerin bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerde yerin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 normalden \u00e7ok fazla miktarda art\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Yerin \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a turba olarak<\/p>\n

adland\u0131r\u0131lan organik madde s\u0131ras\u0131yla linyit, ta\u015f k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc, antrasit ve uygun ko\u015fullar olu\u015fursa grafite d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Bu ilerleyen olgun-ta\u015fma s\u00fcrecine\u00a0k\u00f6m\u00fcrle\u015fme<\/strong>\u00a0denir.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6m\u00fcrler organik olgunluklar\u0131na g\u00f6re linyit, ta\u015f k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ve antrasit olarak \u00fc\u00e7 s\u0131n\u0131fa ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Karbon miktar\u0131 % 60 ise turba, %70 ise linyit, % 80-90 ise ta\u015f k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc, % 95 ise antrasit ad\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Linyit<\/strong>\u00a0yumu\u015fak, kolayca ufalanabilen, k\u0131r\u0131lgan ve mat g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr. Karbon i\u00e7eri\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olan linyit k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek nem i\u00e7erir. Linyit k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc \u00fclkemizde ve d\u00fcnyada b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda elektrik enerjisi \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ta\u015f k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc<\/strong>n\u00fcn linyit k\u00f6m\u00fcre g\u00f6re nem miktar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck, karbon i\u00e7eri\u011fi y\u00fcksektir. Ta\u015f k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc demir-\u00e7elik end\u00fcstrisinde, \u00e7imento fabrikalar\u0131 ve di\u011fer end\u00fcstri kollar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Antrasit<\/strong>\u00a0en de\u011ferli k\u00f6m\u00fcr t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. K\u00f6m\u00fcr \u00e7e\u015fitleri i\u00e7inde en sert ve dayan\u0131kl\u0131 olan\u0131d\u0131r. Karbon oran\u0131 y\u00fcksek olup yand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda di\u011fer k\u00f6m\u00fcrlerden daha fazla \u0131s\u0131 verir. G\u00f6rsel 3.8\u2019de g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi antrasit siyah renkli ve cams\u0131 parlak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmdedir.<\/p>\n

<\/span>K\u00f6m\u00fcrlerin \u00c7evreye Zararlar\u0131 Nelerdir?<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

K\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn, d\u00fcnyadaki en ya\u015fl\u0131 fosil yak\u0131t olarak \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fckleri nelerdir? K\u00f6m\u00fcr, hem d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maliyetli hem de g\u00fcvenilir bir yak\u0131t t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. K\u00f6m\u00fcr d\u00fcnyada 50\u2019den fazla \u00fclkede \u00fcretilmektedir. K\u00f6m\u00fcr, petrol ve do\u011falgaz gibi d\u00fcnyan\u0131n belirli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde de\u011fil t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada da yayg\u0131n bir bi\u00e7imde bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6m\u00fcr, depolanma, nakliye ve kullan\u0131m a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan di\u011fer fosil yak\u0131tlardan \u00fcst\u00fcnd\u00fcr. K\u00f6m\u00fcr bu y\u00f6nleriyle emniyet konusunda da di\u011fer fosil yak\u0131tlardan \u00fcst\u00fcnd\u00fcr. K\u00f6m\u00fcr, ucuz bir yak\u0131t olmas\u0131 nedeniyle sadece \u00fclkemizde de\u011fil d\u00fcnyada elektrik \u00fcretiminin % 40\u2019\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn yukar\u0131da anlat\u0131lan \u00f6zellikleriyle di\u011fer fosil yak\u0131tlardan bir\u00e7ok \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, \u00e7evre kirletici etkisi sebebiyle pek \u00e7ok sak\u0131ncas\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada k\u00f6m\u00fcr santrallerinden bir y\u0131lda 7 milyar ton karbondioksit sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini biliyor muyuz? Bu miktar d\u00fcnyadaki zararl\u0131 gaz sal\u0131n\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n %40\u2019\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6m\u00fcr santralleri c\u0131va kirlili\u011fine de sebep olur. C\u0131va insan v\u00fccudu i\u00e7in zararl\u0131 toksin yap\u0131da bir elementtir. Ayr\u0131ca topra\u011f\u0131 zehirler ve besin zincirine kar\u0131\u015farak insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tehdit eder.<\/p>\n

Soba zehirlenmeleri, fosil yak\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n tam olarak yanmamas\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan karbonmonoksit (CO) gaz\u0131n\u0131n solunmas\u0131ndan kaynaklan\u0131r. Yanan soban\u0131n oldu\u011fu bir ortamda el ve ayaklarda uyu\u015fma, ba\u015f a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131, ba\u015f d\u00f6nmesi, bulant\u0131 gibi belirtilerle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kal\u0131rsak muhakkak temiz haval\u0131 bir ortama \u00e7\u0131kmal\u0131y\u0131z.<\/p>\n

Daha \u00f6nceki b\u00f6l\u00fcmde asit ya\u011fmurlar\u0131ndan bahsetmi\u015ftik. Yak\u0131t olarak k\u00f6m\u00fcr kullan\u0131m\u0131 asit ya\u011fmurlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca sebeplerindendir. Asit ya\u011fmurlar\u0131 sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan zararl\u0131 gazlar t\u00fcm ekosisteme zarar vermektedir. K\u00f6m\u00fcr santralleri asit ya\u011fmurlar\u0131na sebep olan k\u00fck\u00fcrtdioksit ve azotmonoksit gazlar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na sebep olur.<\/p>\n

Is\u0131nma ama\u00e7l\u0131 yak\u0131t olarak k\u00f6m\u00fcr kullanmak zararl\u0131 partik\u00fcllerin ve radyasyonun a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden olur. Bu par\u00e7ac\u0131klar akci\u011ferlere zarar vererek ast\u0131m hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na yol a\u00e7abildi\u011fi gibi bebek \u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin de sebeplerindendir.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6m\u00fcr kullan\u0131m\u0131 tatl\u0131 su kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 dolayl\u0131 yoldan da olsa azalt\u0131r. K\u00f6m\u00fcr santrallerinden yay\u0131lan zehirli kimyasallar ise b\u00f6lgedeki tatl\u0131 su kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 kirletir.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn yanmas\u0131 sonucu a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan at\u0131klar a\u011f\u0131r metaller ve zehirli maddeler i\u00e7erir. Bu at\u0131klar hem insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hem de \u00e7evre i\u00e7in olduk\u00e7a zararl\u0131d\u0131r. Yanma sonucu insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve \u00e7evreye zarar verebilecek miktarda arsenik, kadmiyum, krom ve kur\u015fun gibi elementler a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu kirletici unsurlar i\u00e7me sular\u0131na, bitkilere ve hayvanlara ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda t\u00fcm canl\u0131lar\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan risk artmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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\r\n \r\n \r\n K\u00f6m\u00fcr Nedir? Nas\u0131l Olu\u015fur? T\u00fcrleri Ve \u00d6zellikleri Nelerdir? <\/a>\r\n\r\n <\/div>\r\n \r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n