Sevdi\u011fi ailesi i\u00e7in insanl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan bir adam\u0131n, ger\u00e7ekten de insan d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir varl\u0131\u011fa ‘d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm’\u00fcn\u00fc konu alan eserinde Kafka, insan do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131n can ac\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 ger\u00e7eklerini a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rken, bireyin ya\u015fam\u0131na aile dinamiklerinin nas\u0131l da ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz \u015fekilde damgas\u0131n\u0131 vurdu\u011funa i\u015faret ediyor.<\/p>\n
Babas\u0131n\u0131n iflas\u0131 ve m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fcnden bor\u00e7 almas\u0131 sonucu, s\u00f6z konusu borcu \u00f6deyebilmek i\u00e7in ho\u015flanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fte -pazarlamac\u0131l\u0131k- \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak zorunda kalan Gregor Samsa’n\u0131n s\u0131rt\u0131ndaki y\u00fck\u00fcn a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaln\u0131zca \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda d\u00f6rt ki\u015filik ailesinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilecek durumda olan tek insan olmas\u0131ndan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. Ya\u015fam\u0131n y\u00fck\u00fc alt\u0131nda ezilen Gregor bir sabah uyand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kendisini bir b\u00f6ce\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f olarak bulur. B\u00f6cek zihninde bile, i\u015fe ge\u00e7 kalm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131n korkusu b\u00f6cekle\u015fmesinin \u015fa\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131na bask\u0131nd\u0131r. Oysa, b\u00f6cek Gregor d\u00f6rt duvar aras\u0131nda ya\u015famaya mahkum olacakt\u0131r. \u00d6nceleri olup bitenin yaln\u0131zca bir de\u011fi\u015fim (e\u011fer durum b\u00f6yleyse Gregor bir s\u00fcre sonra eski haline geri d\u00f6nebilecektir) oldu\u011fu umuduyla hareket eden di\u011fer aile bireyleri, zamanla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen olay\u0131n geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fs\u00fcz oldu\u011funu anlayacak ve Gregor i\u00e7in trajedi ba\u015flayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130nsano\u011flunun y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 ve sald\u0131rgan do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131r tan\u0131mazl\u0131\u011f\u0131na, son derece sinsi bir y\u00f6ntem kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131na, y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve sald\u0131rganl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kolayca en yak\u0131n\u0131ndaki nesnelere uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131na tan\u0131k oluyoruz. \u0130nsan\u0131n yap\u0131c\u0131 ve uysal bir varl\u0131k oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki s\u00f6ylemleri s\u0131k i\u015fitiriz, ancak bunun bir tesbit de\u011fil bir istek oldu\u011funu, bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle bir ger\u00e7eklik de\u011fil bir ideal oldu\u011funu biliriz.<\/p>\n
Kendisinin maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 zorba baba fig\u00fcr\u00fcnden -b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla- korudu\u011fu ve hatta onca yoklu\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131n konservatuvara g\u00f6ndermeyi planlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131zkarde\u015fi Grete’nin, tutumunda zamanla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen ‘d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm’ Gregor’un can\u0131n\u0131 fazlas\u0131yla yakm\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131. \u0130flas ettikten sonra \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 tamamen b\u0131rakan, \u00e7al\u0131\u015famayacak durumda g\u00f6r\u00fcnen ya\u015fl\u0131 baban\u0131n, d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm sonras\u0131, ac\u0131mas\u0131z ve zorba davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131, Gregor’a “b\u00f6cek” gibi davranmas\u0131 ve zorunluluk durumunda pekala \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilmesi \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131. Kendi bedeninden kopan bir par\u00e7a olan ve bu nedenle annesi i\u00e7in e\u015fsiz olmas\u0131 beklenen Gregor ile olan etkile\u015fiminde annesi o kadar edilgen ki, okurda k\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131k ve hayalk\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 duygular\u0131 uyand\u0131r\u0131yor.<\/p>\n
Gregor Samsa uzun s\u00fcre tekd\u00fcze odas\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131ktan sonra, odas\u0131ndaki e\u015fyalar\u0131n d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131, odas\u0131n\u0131n bo\u015falt\u0131lmas\u0131 konusu g\u00fcndeme geliyor. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta odada daha rahat\u00a0 hareket etmesi i\u00e7in giri\u015filen bu eylem, aile bireylerinde Gregor’un insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tamamen unutaca\u011f\u0131 kayg\u0131s\u0131 yarat\u0131yor. Asl\u0131nda, Gregor da kendince buna kar\u015f\u0131 durmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. K\u0131zkarde\u015fi Grete bu noktada odan\u0131n bo\u015falt\u0131mas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde diretiyor. Bu meydan okuma Gregor i\u00e7in mi, Gregor’a kar\u015f\u0131 m\u0131? Bunu yorumlamak zor.<\/p>\n
Gregor hangi nedenlerle bir b\u00f6ce\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr? Bu soruya bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 yan\u0131t verilebilir. A\u011f\u0131r strese insanlar\u0131n birtak\u0131m savunmalarla kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verdi\u011fini biliyoruz. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan, isteklerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiremeyen, d\u00fcrt\u00fclerini doyuramayan ki\u015fi isteklerini ve d\u00fcrt\u00fclerini bir s\u00fcre bast\u0131rd\u0131ktan, erteledikten sonra art\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131 koyamaz hale gelecektir. \u0130steklerini dolays\u0131z ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmesi, d\u00fcrt\u00fclerini dolays\u0131z doyurmas\u0131 art\u0131k zihnine tamamen yerle\u015fen ‘ac\u0131mas\u0131z baba fig\u00fcr\u00fc’ nedeniyle olanaks\u0131zd\u0131r. Bu nedenle, dolayl\u0131 bir yol izlenerek a\u011f\u0131r stresle ba\u015fedilir. Peki, Gregor hastalansa, hasta olsa daha akla yatk\u0131n bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olmaz m\u0131yd\u0131? Olurdu, ancak buna ne Gregor’un su\u00e7luluk duygular\u0131, ne de \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015firketin doktoru izin verirdi. Sonu\u00e7ta, bir b\u00f6ce\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen Gregor’u i\u015fe gitmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in ne babas\u0131, ne m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc, ne de kendisi su\u00e7layabilirdi.<\/p>\n
B\u00f6ce\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00a0 bir ba\u015fka \u015fekilde de a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir. T\u0131pk\u0131 Sigmund Freud’un \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ‘su\u00e7luluk bilincinden\u00a0 su\u00e7 i\u015fleyenler’ yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndaki nedensellik ba\u011f\u0131 kurulabilir. S\u00f6zkonusu yakla\u015f\u0131mla Freud, su\u00e7 i\u015fleyen insanlar\u0131n \u00f6nemli motivasyonlar\u0131ndan birisinin de, bilin\u00e7 d\u0131\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7luluk duygular\u0131n\u0131 bilin\u00e7li, somut hale getirme gereksinimi oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler. K\u0131sacas\u0131, su\u00e7luluk duygular\u0131 nedeniyle su\u00e7 i\u015flenir. Benzer \u015fekilde, b\u00f6cek gibi hisseden Gregor b\u00f6cekle\u015fir.<\/p>\n
Baba Samsa’n\u0131n elma f\u0131rlatarak o\u011ful Samsa’y\u0131 s\u0131rt\u0131ndan yaralamas\u0131 konusu \u00fczerinde enikonu fikir y\u00fcr\u00fctmeyi ve tart\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 hak ediyor. Elma f\u0131rlat\u0131larak yaralanma an\u0131, Gregor’un aileden kovulma an\u0131 hissiyat\u0131 uyand\u0131r\u0131yor okurda. Yasak meyve olan elmay\u0131 yiyen Adem ile Havva’n\u0131n cennetten kovulmas\u0131 gibi, babas\u0131n\u0131n f\u0131rlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 elmay\u0131 s\u0131rt\u0131na “yiyen” Gregor da aileden kovulmu\u015ftur. Adem’le Havva’n\u0131n kovulmas\u0131 insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. Gregor Samsa i\u00e7inse kovulma belki de insanca ya\u015fam\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Di\u011fer yandan, yasak meyve elman\u0131n cinselli\u011fi sembolize etti\u011fini de biliyoruz. En g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve en eski toplumsal tabulardan birisi olan ensest (aile bireyleri aras\u0131nda ya da yak\u0131n ili\u015fki i\u00e7indeki bireyler aras\u0131nda cinsel ili\u015fki) ile yasak meyve elmay\u0131 ili\u015fkilendirmek g\u00fc\u00e7 de\u011fil. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, baba Samsa ile k\u0131z\u0131 Grete aras\u0131nda ensest olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 da zihinleri kurcal\u0131yor. Ancak, bu y\u00f6nde somut delillere rastlam\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n
Ya\u015fanan trajediye kar\u015f\u0131n, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6nmeye devam etti\u011fini, aile dinamiklerinin i\u015fledi\u011fini ve Samsa’lar\u0131n Grete ile oyunu s\u00fcrd\u00fcreceklerini g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Asl\u0131nda, Grete’nin g\u00f6revi yaln\u0131zca vekaleten y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve k\u0131sa bir zaman diliminde Samsa ailesinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fkan ve zengin damad\u0131na devredece\u011fini kestirmek i\u00e7in kahin olmaya gerek yok.<\/p>\n
41 ya\u015f\u0131nda ya\u015fama veda eden Franz Kafka ile bitirelim: “Ya\u015fam, daha ba\u015f\u0131nda kaybedilmi\u015f bir sava\u015ft\u0131r.<\/strong>”<\/p>\n <\/p>\n