Yery\u00fcz\u00fc, kayal\u0131k b\u00f6lgelerde 1-2 cm, ekime elveri\u015fli yerlerde birka\u00e7 metreye, deltalarda ise metrelerce kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa kadar de\u011fi\u015fen bir toprak katman\u0131yla. kapl\u0131d\u0131r. Topra\u011f\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k yar\u0131s\u0131 minerallerden olu\u015fur. Su ve hava ise topra\u011f\u0131n di\u011fer yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Toprak yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n insanlar\u0131n etkisiyle de\u011fi\u015fmesine toprak kirlili\u011fi denir. End\u00fcstriyel, evsel, kimyasal ve n\u00fckleer at\u0131klar, toprak kirlenmesinin ba\u015fl\u0131ca nedenleridir. Yer alt\u0131 ve yer \u00fcst\u00fc sular\u0131, toprakla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca su d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcnde ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yer yine toprakt\u0131r. Bu nedenle su kirlili\u011fine neden olan end\u00fcstriyel, evsel ve tar\u0131msal kirlenmeler, toprak kirlili\u011fine de neden olur.<\/p>\n
H\u0131zl\u0131 n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131 sonucunda verimli topraklar\u0131n. yerle\u015fim alanlar\u0131 a\u00e7mak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ve kentlerde biriken \u00e7\u00f6pler, toprak kirlili\u011fini art\u0131r\u0131r. End\u00fcstri kurulu\u015flar\u0131ndan ar\u0131t\u0131lmadan suya ve topra\u011fa s\u0131zan zehirli at\u0131klar, su kaynaklar\u0131yla topra\u011fa ula\u015f\u0131r. Yetersiz olan alt yap\u0131dan dolay\u0131 s\u0131zan kanalizasyon sular\u0131 ve deterjan kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131, topra\u011f\u0131 kirletirken kentlerde biriken \u00e7\u00f6p \u00f6nemli sorunlara yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r. Bilin\u00e7siz yap\u0131lan tan\u0131msal etkinlikler topra\u011f\u0131n fazla kirlenmesine neden olur. G\u00fcbrelemenin \u00e7ok fazla ve zamans\u0131z yap\u0131lmas\u0131 bitkilerin k\u00f6k\u00fcn\u00fc yakarak bitkiye zarar verir.<\/p>\n
Zararl\u0131larla m\u00fccadelede kullan\u0131lan pestis\u0131tler, toprakta ya\u015fayan di\u011fer canl\u0131lar\u0131n zehirlenmesine ye do\u011fal besin zincirlerinin bozulmas\u0131na neden olur. A\u011f\u0131r sanayiden topra\u011fa bula\u015fan c\u0131va, kur\u015fun gibi metaller, canl\u0131larda zehir birikimine neden olarak insanlara kadar ula\u015f\u0131r. Baz\u0131 end\u00fcstriyel at\u0131klar ve \u00e7\u00f6pler ise topra\u011fa g\u00f6m\u00fclerek yok edilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Bu kimyasal maddeler, sonu\u00e7ta toprak yoluyla sulara ve canl\u0131lara ula\u015f\u0131r. N\u00fckleer santraller, do\u011fada kaybolmas\u0131 \u00e7ok uzun y\u0131llar alan uranyum gibi radyoaktif maddelerle \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Radyoaktif kirlilik, do\u011fada ve insanlarda kal\u0131c\u0131 ve \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc hastal\u0131klara neden olur. N\u00fckleer enerji santralleri, b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarlarda n\u00fckleer at\u0131k \u00fcretir.<\/p>\n
Bu at\u0131klar\u0131n tamamen g\u00fcvenilir bir \u015fekilde depolanmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Kur\u015fun bloklarla topra\u011fa g\u00f6m\u00fclen n\u00fckleer at\u0131klar\u0131n yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 radyasyon yine de etkili olabilir. N\u00fckleer santrallerde, atom enerjisinden f\u00fczyon y\u00f6ntemiyle (atom \u00e7ekirde\u011fini par\u00e7alama) yararland\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u0131s\u0131 enerjisi olu\u015fur. Bu y\u00fcksek \u0131s\u0131 reakt\u00f6r\u00fcn baz\u0131 durumlarda, y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7la patlamas\u0131-na neden olarak n\u00fckleer kazalar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Ukrayna\u2019daki \u00c7ernobil, \u0130ngiltere\u2019deki Selafiela n\u00fckleer kazalar\u0131n\u0131n etkileri hala radyoaktif at\u0131klar\u0131n bula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgedeki canl\u0131lar\u0131 etkilemektedir.<\/p>\n
Atom bombas\u0131n\u0131n etkileri Japonya\u2019da g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bile g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc radyoaktif at\u0131klar\u0131n yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 radyasyon, canl\u0131lar\u0131n genetik yap\u0131lar\u0131nda bozulma mutasyonlara neden olmu\u015ftur. Toprak kirlenmesinin nedenlerinden biri de evsel at\u0131klard\u0131r. Evsel at\u0131klar, toprakta kat\u0131 at\u0131klar\u0131n birikimine yol a\u00e7ar. \u00f6zellikle plastik sanayinin geli\u015fmesiyle do\u011fada kaybolmas\u0131 \u00e7ok uzun zaman alan, pet At\u0131klar, toprak ve su kirlenmesine neden olmaktad\u0131r. \u00a0sanayinin yan \u00fcr\u00fcnleri (pet \u015fi\u015feler, naylon po\u015fetler ve plastik ara\u00e7-gere\u00e7ler) do\u011fay\u0131 kirleten kat\u0131 at\u0131klard\u0131r. \u00c7\u00f6plerin y\u0131\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131yla \u00e7\u00f6plerden s\u0131zan metan gaz\u0131, k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nmaya (sera etkisi) ve ozon tabakas\u0131n\u0131n incelmesine neden olur. toprak kirlenmesine neden olan di\u011fer kirleticilerin ba\u015f\u0131nda termik santraller gelir, Termik santraller enerji \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in yak\u0131lan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kalitedeki linyit, termik santrallerin bacalar\u0131ndan yo\u011fun miktarda k\u00fcl\u00fcn \u00e7evreye yay\u0131lmas\u0131na neden olur. \u2018termik santral bacalar\u0131na konulan filtrelerin k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede t\u0131kanmas\u0131 sonucu veya baz\u0131 bacalarda filtre olmay\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 havaya p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fclen k\u00fcller, toprak y\u00fczeyinde ince bir tabaka olu\u015fturarak do\u011fal bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc ve burada ya\u015fayan canl\u0131lar\u0131 etkiler. petrol, otomobil ve plastik sanayisinden topra\u011fa d\u00f6k\u00fclen petrol kaynak at\u0131klar da do\u011fada yok olmas\u0131 uzun s\u00fcre alan kirlenmelere neden olur.<\/p>\n
A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sulama sonucu verimini kaybeden ve daha sonra \u00e7orakla\u015fan topraklarda meydana gelen tuzluluk ve erozyon, topra\u011f\u0131 kirleten di\u011fer unsurlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Sanayi kurulu\u015flar\u0131ndan, petrol rafinerilerinden ve termik santrallerden su d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcyle topra\u011fa kar\u0131\u015fan at\u0131klar ve tar\u0131mda kullan\u0131lan kimyasal ila\u00e7lar, eko sistemin do\u011fal dengesini olumsuz etkiler. Bilin\u00e7siz yap\u0131lan tar\u0131m, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 g\u00fcbreleme ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sulama, topraktaki organik madde y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturarak besin zincirindeki baz\u0131 canl\u0131lar\u0131n a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 art\u0131\u015f\u0131na neden olurken, di\u011fer canl\u0131lar\u0131n ekolojik dengesini bozar. Evsel at\u0131klardan topra\u011fa s\u0131zan kanalizasyon ve \u00e7\u00f6p sular\u0131 toprakta zararl\u0131 mikroorganizmalar\u0131n ve mantarlar\u0131n a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 artmas\u0131na neden olur. Bu durum, di\u011fer canl\u0131lar\u0131 olumsuz etkiler. Ayr\u0131ca deterjan ve tuz ruhu gibi temizlik \u00fcr\u00fcnleri topra\u011fa kar\u0131\u015farak toprakta ya\u015fayan canl\u0131lar\u0131 zehirler. N\u00fckleer at\u0131klar ise kur\u015fun b\u00f6lmelerle topra\u011f\u0131n derinliklerine g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc halde olas\u0131 s\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131lar canl\u0131lar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan tehlike olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n