{"id":51598,"date":"2025-02-19T13:04:29","date_gmt":"2025-02-19T10:04:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/buradasin.com.tr\/kutuphane\/?p=51598"},"modified":"2025-02-19T13:04:29","modified_gmt":"2025-02-19T10:04:29","slug":"vladimir-lenin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/buradasin.com.tr\/kutuphane\/vladimir-lenin\/","title":{"rendered":"Vladimir Lenin"},"content":{"rendered":"

Vladimir Lenin<\/strong>, Rus sosyalist devrimci ve politikac\u0131d\u0131r. Ekim Devrimi\u2019nin lideri ve\u00a0Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin (SSCB) kurucusudur<\/strong>. Marksist-Leninist ideolojinin fikirsel \u00f6nderli\u011fini yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00a0Tam ad\u0131\u00a0Vladimir \u0130lyi\u00e7 Ulyanov\u2019dur. Lenin 22 Nisan 1870\u2019de Simbirsk\u2019de do\u011fmu\u015f ve 21 Ocak 1924\u2019de Moskova\u2019da beyin kanamas\u0131ndan \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Leninizmin ba\u015fl\u0131ca kuramc\u0131s\u0131 parti ve i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 aras\u0131nda kesin bir ayr\u0131m yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 savunarak kom\u00fcnistlerin diktat\u00f6rl\u00fck rejimi i\u00e7in gerekli \u00f6n ko\u015fullar\u0131 haz\u0131rlad\u0131. Lenin\u2019in d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri \u00e7ok geni\u015f bir uygulama alan\u0131 bulmakla beraber, ama\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fcnya devrimi ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi.<\/p>\n

<\/span>Lenin\u2019in Hayat\u0131<\/span><\/h2>\n

Okul m\u00fcfetti\u015fi bir babayla bir fizik\u00e7i k\u0131z\u0131 annenin alt\u0131 \u00e7ocu\u011funun \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc olarak Ulyanov soyad\u0131yla (ad\u0131 1911\u2019de de\u011fi\u015fti) Simbirsk\u2019de d\u00fcnyaya geldi. 17 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken siyasi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerine damgas\u0131n\u0131 vuran \u00f6nemli bir olay ya\u015fad\u0131. En b\u00fcy\u00fck a\u011fabeyi olan Aleksand\u0131r, \u00c7ar III. Nikola\u2019ya d\u00fczenlenen suikaste kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131na \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Her ne kadar ailesi bundan b\u00f6yle su\u00e7lu olarak kabul edildiyse de, Lenin \u00f6\u011fretmeninin arac\u0131 olmas\u0131 sayesinde\u00a0Kazan \u00dcniversitesi Hukuk<\/strong>\u00a0Fak\u00fcltesine (1887 g\u00fcz\u00fc) kayd\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131rabildi. Birka\u00e7 ay sonra bir \u00f6\u011frenci g\u00f6sterisine kat\u0131l\u0131nca, \u00fcniversiteyi terk etmek zorunda b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. 1891\u2019in sonunda Sen Petersburg \u00dcniversitesinden diploma almay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131.<\/p>\n

<\/span>1895: Tutuklanmas\u0131 ve S\u00fcrg\u00fcne G\u00f6nderilmesi<\/span><\/h2>\n

1893\u2019de\u00a0Marksist<\/strong>\u00a0bir gruba kat\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130ki y\u0131l Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019da kald\u0131ktan sonra 1895 g\u00fcz\u00fcnde \u0130\u015f\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n Kurtulu\u015fu \u0130\u00e7in Petersburg M\u00fccadele Birli\u011fini kurdu. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n Aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda tutuklanarak bir mahkeme taraf\u0131ndan 15 ay hapis ve ard\u0131ndan Sibirya\u2019ya s\u00fcrg\u00fcn cezas\u0131na \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 (1897\u2019den sonra). Burada, Sen Petersburg\u2019dan tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 Nade\u015fda Krupskaya ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131; 1898\u2019de de evlendiler.<\/p>\n

<\/span>1900\u2019dan Sonra: Leninizm ve Geli\u015fimi<\/span><\/h2>\n

Lenin 1900\u2019de serbest b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131nca, Rusya\u2019y\u0131 terk etti. S\u00fcrg\u00fcnde devrimci program\u0131n\u0131n kuramsal temellerini geli\u015ftirdi.\u00a0Ne Yapmal\u0131 (1902)<\/strong>\u00a0adl\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131nda \u201cproletaryan\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fc g\u00fcc\u00fc\u201d olarak s\u0131k\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015f bir devrimci partinin kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 talep etmekle parti ve i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 aras\u0131nda olu\u015fturdu\u011fu kesin ayr\u0131l\u0131kla ilk Marksist temel anlay\u0131\u015fa kar\u015f\u0131 geldi. Bunun \u00fczerine Tro\u00e7ki, Lenin\u2019i \u201cProletaryan\u0131n Diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u201dn\u00fc de\u011fil, \u201cProletaryaya H\u00fckmeden Bir Diktat\u00f6rl\u00fck\u201d istemekle su\u00e7lad\u0131. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n Lenin Rusya Sosyal Demokrat \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Partisinin (RSDIP) Br\u00fcksel\u2019de toplanan 2. Parti Kongresinde oylar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu toplayabildi (1903). Bunun bedeli, partinin Men\u015fevik (az\u0131nl\u0131k) ve Lenin\u2019in \u00f6nderli\u011fini yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Bol\u015fevik (\u00e7o\u011funluk) olarak ikiye yar\u0131lmas\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n

<\/span>1917: Ekim Devrimi<\/span><\/h2>\n

Lenin\u00a01. Rus Devrimi<\/strong>\u00a0s\u0131ras\u0131nda 1905\u2019te\u00a0St Petersburg<\/strong>\u2019a geldi ve ayaklanman\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa u\u011framas\u0131 \u00fczerine Paris\u2019e ka\u00e7t\u0131. \u00c7ar devrildikten sonra, Lenin 16.4.1917 tarihinde yurduna d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Z\u0131rhl\u0131 bir tren vagonunda Almanya ve \u0130sve\u00e7 \u00fczerinden Rusya\u2019ya geldi. Geldikten bir g\u00fcn sonra, devlet mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131s\u0131ra bir toprak reformu ve \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n devletle\u015ftirilmesini \u00f6ng\u00f6ren Nisan Tezlerini yay\u0131nlad\u0131. \u0130\u00e7 sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda Lenin Finlandiya\u2019ya ka\u00e7mak zorunda kald\u0131. Burada haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 silahl\u0131 ayaklanma\u00a0Ekim Devrimi<\/strong>yle sonu\u00e7land\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bol\u015fevikler 7.11.1917 tarihinde iktidar\u0131 kesin bir bi\u00e7imde ele ge\u00e7irdiler. Lenin bir sovyetler sistemi ba\u015flatarak Halk Komiserleri Konseyi Ba\u015fkan\u0131 olarak (8.11.1917\u2019den sonra) devletin ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7ti. 30.8.1918 tarihinde sosyalist devrimci Fanny Kaplan\u2019\u0131n suikast giri\u015fiminde Lenin a\u011f\u0131r yaraland\u0131.<\/p>\n

D\u0131\u015f politikadaki hedefleri aras\u0131nda 1919\u2019da kurulan Kom\u00fcnist Enternasyonal (Komintern) arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla \u201cD\u00fcnya Devrimi<\/strong>\u201dni ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek de vard\u0131. Tarihsel hareketin uzun vadeli diyalektik s\u00fcreci konusundaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi sayesinde kapitalist ekonominin baz\u0131 y\u00f6ntemlerinin uygulanmas\u0131na s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 da olsa izin veriyordu. (Yeni Ekonomi Politika, NEP).<\/p>\n

<\/span>1919\u2019dan Sonra: \u0130ktidara Yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131<\/span><\/h2>\n

1918\u2019de kurulan KP<\/strong>\u00a0(Kom\u00fcnist Partisi) \u00fclkeye tek ba\u015f\u0131na egemendi. Lenin iktidar\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca az elde birle\u015ftirmeyi ama\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, 1919\u2019da kurdu\u011fu Politb\u00fcro ile k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir y\u00f6netici az\u0131nl\u0131k yaratm\u0131\u015f oldu. Bundan iki y\u0131l sonra fraksiyon kurulu\u015funu yasaklayarak partiden ayr\u0131lmak isteyenlerin parti \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda kalmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Bu otoriter \u00f6nlemiyle nas\u0131l felaketlere gebe bir geli\u015fme ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok ge\u00e7 anlad\u0131. Bu mekanizman\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fc, kitlelerin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc azaltmak pahas\u0131na art\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

<\/span>SSCB\u2019nin Kurlu\u015fu: 30 Aral\u0131k 1922<\/span><\/h2>\n

SSCB\u2019nin kurulu\u015fundan sonra (1922) Kom\u00fcnist Parti genel sekreteri olarak g\u00fcc\u00fc giderek b\u00fcy\u00fcyen Josef Stalin\u2019i, Lenin en b\u00fcy\u00fck tehlike olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n

<\/span>Lenin\u2019in \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fc: 1924<\/span><\/h2>\n

Ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi iki beyin kanamas\u0131ndan sonra zay\u0131f d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc, 1923 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Ocak ay\u0131nda vasiyetine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir eklemeyle Stalin\u2019in g\u00f6revden al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 istedi. Ne var ki \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl hastan\u0131n iste\u011fi yerine getirilmedi.\u00a0Lenin 53 ya\u015f\u0131nda<\/strong>, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc\u00a0beyin kanamas\u0131n\u0131<\/strong>\u00a0ge\u00e7irdikten sonra yay\u0131nlanan resmi b\u00fcltene g\u00f6re \u201ca\u015f\u0131r\u0131 beyinsel faaliyet sonucu\u201d\u00a0beyin damarlar\u0131 sklerozundan<\/em>\u00a0\u00f6ld\u00fc(21 Ocak 1924). Ki\u015fisel tap\u0131nma olay\u0131ndan her zaman nefret etmi\u015f olan bu insan\u0131n sonunda tahnit edilerek m\u00fczede te\u015fhir edilmesine kadar varan, bir kahraman olarak b\u00fcy\u00fck sayg\u0131 g\u00f6rece\u011fi bu \u00f6l\u00fcm ilan\u0131nda da kendini g\u00f6stermi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

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